弟株守经年，迫于生计，订于三月下旬买舟过武林。是役也，一以希遇合于新交，一以呼将伯于旧雨。其如空囊羞涩，资斧缺如，真令设措无地。恃叨爱末，迳遣小价，敬叩台处，贷银百两，半为家用，半载行縢。如荷俯俞，年余奉偿，决无或爽。
弟株守经年，迫于生计，订于三月下旬买舟过武林。是役也，一以希遇合于新交，一以呼将伯于旧雨。其如空囊羞涩，资斧缺如，真令设措无地。恃叨爱末，迳遣小价，敬叩台处，贷银百两，半为家用，半载行縢。如荷俯俞，年余奉偿，决无或爽。
弟与阁下交好有年，甚不欲以此区区者致生恶感，然屡次诱约，实已迹类迁延，岂不令人气短！兹特与君约再缓一月，以观后效。倘届时仍不践言，则是阁下有意愚弄故人，弟亦不任受矣。
Friday, May 22, 2009
Saturday, May 16, 2009
容闳的梦和黄遵宪的诗
撞开那扇门（二）：容闳的梦和黄遵宪的诗
兰小欢 @ 2008-11-24 6:59 评论(11) 推荐值(100) 引用通告 分类: 未归类
所有在外留学的中国学子，都不应该忘记容闳（Yung Wing)这个名字，这个几乎只手创造了“幼童留美”奇迹的人,这个只手拉开了华人百年留美大幕的人。1854年，他从耶鲁毕业，其时他已经在该大学连续两年拿到英语作文的第一名。他写道：“大学四年来，尤其是临近毕业这一年，中国的惨状时时浮现在我眼前，沉重不堪。。。。我坚信中国的新一代应该如我一般享有良好的教育；‘西学’或可给中国新生，启迪民智，重整国威。这已是我一生事业所系。”
（看看这位“旧概念作文”冠军的原文："All through my college course, especially in the closing year, the lamentable condition of China was before my mind constantly and weighed on my spirits。... I was determined that the rising generation of China should enjoy the same educational advantages that I had enjoyed; that through western education China might be regenerated, become enlightened and powerful. To accomplish that object became the guiding star of my ambition.")
1870年，他终于说动曾国藩上书，奏请朝廷派遣子弟出洋学习。十年后远在日本的黄遵宪用这件事开始了他的长诗《罢美国留学生感赋》，该赋开篇回忆了汉唐盛世，各国来朝，想当年各国蛮夷只有来我国留学的份儿，所谓“各遣子弟来，来拜国子师”。随后笔锋一转，写道如今风水轮流转，强敌环伺，国势日渐不支，科举之下都是酒囊饭袋之辈，不足扶大厦于将倾，“欲为树人计，所当师四夷”。
（当年游北京国子监，逢科举历史展。印象中最后一届的科举考试有命题论文曰“项羽拿破仑论”，有学子奋笔疾书，大意：项羽霸王盖世，有万夫不当之男，如今拿一破轮，实乃大材小用云云）
当年的留美可不像今天这般荣光，那是流放加要命的活，海上漂泊三数月，远离故土生死未卜前途难测，高官富贾子弟哪个会去？所以在一开始的招生就遇到了大麻烦。于是黄感叹道：“茫茫西半球，远隔天之涯，千金不垂堂，谁敢狎蛟螭？惟有小家子，重利轻别离，纥干山头雀，短喙日啼饥，但图飞去乐，不复问所之。”
所以“留学”这件事从一开始就带上了“自我选择”的烙印：一个人自然选择离去，那他对故土的牵挂必然少一些，所以后来不回去也没什么好奇怪的。就像今天进城打工的农村子弟，谁没有怀揣一点梦想，哪个又想回去？
朝廷在内地找不到人，就只能转向沿海。所以第一批留美幼童的30人中，25人来自广东。当时容闳的宣传口号只有一个：学成归来，必能成为朝廷命官。如今出外留学，家长要负责提供足够的财产证明；而在当年，家长所用做的，是签下一张“生死状”。比如詹天佑的老爷子就要签字画押道：“倘有疾病生死，各安天命。”最终，这批孩童集结上海，朝廷在那里设立预备学堂，抓紧最后的时间进行“洗脑” -- 大讲四书五经也。
1872年，孩子们抵达康涅狄格州的哈特福德，受到容闳先一步为他们安排好的美国借宿家庭的热烈欢迎。那些拥抱，亲吻，对这些害羞的梳着辫子的小男生们造成的心理冲击可想而知。但是孩子终究是孩子，他们迅速地开始融入美国生活。就算每年夏天他们仍然要聚在一起学习四书五经，并朝着北京紫禁城的方向行礼，也仍然不能阻挡他们变成“洋鬼子”。黄于是说：“乡愚少所见，见异辄意移。家书说贫穷，问子今何居。我今膳双鸡，谁记炊扊扅。汝言盎无粮，何不食肉糜？客问故乡事，欲答颜忸怩。嬉戏替戾冈，游䜩贺跋支，互谈伊优亚，独歌妃呼豨，吴言与越语，病忘反不知。亦有习祆教，相率拜天祠，口嚼天父饼，手繙《景教碑》。楼台法界住，香华美人贻。此间国极乐，乐不故蜀思。”
我相信黄遵宪这段话只是讽刺某些朝廷人士的歪曲之词，实际上当年那些幼童大多学业优良，高中毕业后，9人进了耶鲁，其他去了哈佛，MIT，布朗等大学。
但这种忘记祖宗堕落变质甚至信奉异教的举动自然引起了朝廷的极大不满。1875年，新一届驻美公使吴嘉善到任，此人乃著名的保守派，一切均已“天朝上国”为准，自然与容闳不合。尤其在召见这些留学生时，这些小子尽然不行跪拜礼，吴大人自然怒不可遏。黄遵宪接着描写当时情景：“新来吴监督，其僚喜官威，谓此泛驾马，衔勒万能骑。徵集诸生来，不拜即鞭笞。弱者呼謈痛，强者反唇稽。汝辈狼野心，不如鼠有皮。谁甘畜生骂，公然老拳挥。监督愤上书，溢以加罪辞，诸生尽佻达，所业徒荒嬉，学成供蛮奴，否则仍汉痴，国家糜金钱，养此将何为？”
就是这一道学生“腹少儒书，德行未坚，。。。实易沾其恶习”的奏折，埋下了朝廷死令召回这些幼童的伏笔。而这“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的标记，在之后的一百多年里也就一直打在留学生的头上。之后种种，如“资产阶级走狗”，“卖国贼”，“假洋鬼子”，“不懂中国国情”等等，无非都是“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的不同组合罢了。
这奏折之后一系列的外交风波，加上美国民间对在美二十几万华工的敌视和不断冲突，最终导致了1882年的《排华法案》，连容闳的美国国籍都遭剥夺，而黄遵宪也就此写下名作《逐客篇》，感慨世界之大，龙子龙孙竟然无处栖身？！所谓“倒顷四海水，此耻难洗濯。他邦互效尤，无地容飘泊。远步想章亥，近功陋卫霍。芒芒问禹迹，何时版图廓？”
到底美国为何排华？这些幼童的命运如何？容闳的百年大计又是如何收场？“新闻联播”之后，我们马上回来。：）
兰小欢 @ 2008-11-24 6:59 评论(11) 推荐值(100) 引用通告 分类: 未归类
所有在外留学的中国学子，都不应该忘记容闳（Yung Wing)这个名字，这个几乎只手创造了“幼童留美”奇迹的人,这个只手拉开了华人百年留美大幕的人。1854年，他从耶鲁毕业，其时他已经在该大学连续两年拿到英语作文的第一名。他写道：“大学四年来，尤其是临近毕业这一年，中国的惨状时时浮现在我眼前，沉重不堪。。。。我坚信中国的新一代应该如我一般享有良好的教育；‘西学’或可给中国新生，启迪民智，重整国威。这已是我一生事业所系。”
（看看这位“旧概念作文”冠军的原文："All through my college course, especially in the closing year, the lamentable condition of China was before my mind constantly and weighed on my spirits。... I was determined that the rising generation of China should enjoy the same educational advantages that I had enjoyed; that through western education China might be regenerated, become enlightened and powerful. To accomplish that object became the guiding star of my ambition.")
1870年，他终于说动曾国藩上书，奏请朝廷派遣子弟出洋学习。十年后远在日本的黄遵宪用这件事开始了他的长诗《罢美国留学生感赋》，该赋开篇回忆了汉唐盛世，各国来朝，想当年各国蛮夷只有来我国留学的份儿，所谓“各遣子弟来，来拜国子师”。随后笔锋一转，写道如今风水轮流转，强敌环伺，国势日渐不支，科举之下都是酒囊饭袋之辈，不足扶大厦于将倾，“欲为树人计，所当师四夷”。
（当年游北京国子监，逢科举历史展。印象中最后一届的科举考试有命题论文曰“项羽拿破仑论”，有学子奋笔疾书，大意：项羽霸王盖世，有万夫不当之男，如今拿一破轮，实乃大材小用云云）
当年的留美可不像今天这般荣光，那是流放加要命的活，海上漂泊三数月，远离故土生死未卜前途难测，高官富贾子弟哪个会去？所以在一开始的招生就遇到了大麻烦。于是黄感叹道：“茫茫西半球，远隔天之涯，千金不垂堂，谁敢狎蛟螭？惟有小家子，重利轻别离，纥干山头雀，短喙日啼饥，但图飞去乐，不复问所之。”
所以“留学”这件事从一开始就带上了“自我选择”的烙印：一个人自然选择离去，那他对故土的牵挂必然少一些，所以后来不回去也没什么好奇怪的。就像今天进城打工的农村子弟，谁没有怀揣一点梦想，哪个又想回去？
朝廷在内地找不到人，就只能转向沿海。所以第一批留美幼童的30人中，25人来自广东。当时容闳的宣传口号只有一个：学成归来，必能成为朝廷命官。如今出外留学，家长要负责提供足够的财产证明；而在当年，家长所用做的，是签下一张“生死状”。比如詹天佑的老爷子就要签字画押道：“倘有疾病生死，各安天命。”最终，这批孩童集结上海，朝廷在那里设立预备学堂，抓紧最后的时间进行“洗脑” -- 大讲四书五经也。
1872年，孩子们抵达康涅狄格州的哈特福德，受到容闳先一步为他们安排好的美国借宿家庭的热烈欢迎。那些拥抱，亲吻，对这些害羞的梳着辫子的小男生们造成的心理冲击可想而知。但是孩子终究是孩子，他们迅速地开始融入美国生活。就算每年夏天他们仍然要聚在一起学习四书五经，并朝着北京紫禁城的方向行礼，也仍然不能阻挡他们变成“洋鬼子”。黄于是说：“乡愚少所见，见异辄意移。家书说贫穷，问子今何居。我今膳双鸡，谁记炊扊扅。汝言盎无粮，何不食肉糜？客问故乡事，欲答颜忸怩。嬉戏替戾冈，游䜩贺跋支，互谈伊优亚，独歌妃呼豨，吴言与越语，病忘反不知。亦有习祆教，相率拜天祠，口嚼天父饼，手繙《景教碑》。楼台法界住，香华美人贻。此间国极乐，乐不故蜀思。”
我相信黄遵宪这段话只是讽刺某些朝廷人士的歪曲之词，实际上当年那些幼童大多学业优良，高中毕业后，9人进了耶鲁，其他去了哈佛，MIT，布朗等大学。
但这种忘记祖宗堕落变质甚至信奉异教的举动自然引起了朝廷的极大不满。1875年，新一届驻美公使吴嘉善到任，此人乃著名的保守派，一切均已“天朝上国”为准，自然与容闳不合。尤其在召见这些留学生时，这些小子尽然不行跪拜礼，吴大人自然怒不可遏。黄遵宪接着描写当时情景：“新来吴监督，其僚喜官威，谓此泛驾马，衔勒万能骑。徵集诸生来，不拜即鞭笞。弱者呼謈痛，强者反唇稽。汝辈狼野心，不如鼠有皮。谁甘畜生骂，公然老拳挥。监督愤上书，溢以加罪辞，诸生尽佻达，所业徒荒嬉，学成供蛮奴，否则仍汉痴，国家糜金钱，养此将何为？”
就是这一道学生“腹少儒书，德行未坚，。。。实易沾其恶习”的奏折，埋下了朝廷死令召回这些幼童的伏笔。而这“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的标记，在之后的一百多年里也就一直打在留学生的头上。之后种种，如“资产阶级走狗”，“卖国贼”，“假洋鬼子”，“不懂中国国情”等等，无非都是“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的不同组合罢了。
这奏折之后一系列的外交风波，加上美国民间对在美二十几万华工的敌视和不断冲突，最终导致了1882年的《排华法案》，连容闳的美国国籍都遭剥夺，而黄遵宪也就此写下名作《逐客篇》，感慨世界之大，龙子龙孙竟然无处栖身？！所谓“倒顷四海水，此耻难洗濯。他邦互效尤，无地容飘泊。远步想章亥，近功陋卫霍。芒芒问禹迹，何时版图廓？”
到底美国为何排华？这些幼童的命运如何？容闳的百年大计又是如何收场？“新闻联播”之后，我们马上回来。：）
容闳的梦和黄遵宪的诗
撞开那扇门（二）：容闳的梦和黄遵宪的诗
兰小欢 @ 2008-11-24 6:59 评论(11) 推荐值(100) 引用通告 分类: 未归类
所有在外留学的中国学子，都不应该忘记容闳（Yung Wing)这个名字，这个几乎只手创造了“幼童留美”奇迹的人,这个只手拉开了华人百年留美大幕的人。1854年，他从耶鲁毕业，其时他已经在该大学连续两年拿到英语作文的第一名。他写道：“大学四年来，尤其是临近毕业这一年，中国的惨状时时浮现在我眼前，沉重不堪。。。。我坚信中国的新一代应该如我一般享有良好的教育；‘西学’或可给中国新生，启迪民智，重整国威。这已是我一生事业所系。”
（看看这位“旧概念作文”冠军的原文："All through my college course, especially in the closing year, the lamentable condition of China was before my mind constantly and weighed on my spirits。... I was determined that the rising generation of China should enjoy the same educational advantages that I had enjoyed; that through western education China might be regenerated, become enlightened and powerful. To accomplish that object became the guiding star of my ambition.")
1870年，他终于说动曾国藩上书，奏请朝廷派遣子弟出洋学习。十年后远在日本的黄遵宪用这件事开始了他的长诗《罢美国留学生感赋》，该赋开篇回忆了汉唐盛世，各国来朝，想当年各国蛮夷只有来我国留学的份儿，所谓“各遣子弟来，来拜国子师”。随后笔锋一转，写道如今风水轮流转，强敌环伺，国势日渐不支，科举之下都是酒囊饭袋之辈，不足扶大厦于将倾，“欲为树人计，所当师四夷”。
（当年游北京国子监，逢科举历史展。印象中最后一届的科举考试有命题论文曰“项羽拿破仑论”，有学子奋笔疾书，大意：项羽霸王盖世，有万夫不当之男，如今拿一破轮，实乃大材小用云云）
当年的留美可不像今天这般荣光，那是流放加要命的活，海上漂泊三数月，远离故土生死未卜前途难测，高官富贾子弟哪个会去？所以在一开始的招生就遇到了大麻烦。于是黄感叹道：“茫茫西半球，远隔天之涯，千金不垂堂，谁敢狎蛟螭？惟有小家子，重利轻别离，纥干山头雀，短喙日啼饥，但图飞去乐，不复问所之。”
所以“留学”这件事从一开始就带上了“自我选择”的烙印：一个人自然选择离去，那他对故土的牵挂必然少一些，所以后来不回去也没什么好奇怪的。就像今天进城打工的农村子弟，谁没有怀揣一点梦想，哪个又想回去？
朝廷在内地找不到人，就只能转向沿海。所以第一批留美幼童的30人中，25人来自广东。当时容闳的宣传口号只有一个：学成归来，必能成为朝廷命官。如今出外留学，家长要负责提供足够的财产证明；而在当年，家长所用做的，是签下一张“生死状”。比如詹天佑的老爷子就要签字画押道：“倘有疾病生死，各安天命。”最终，这批孩童集结上海，朝廷在那里设立预备学堂，抓紧最后的时间进行“洗脑” -- 大讲四书五经也。
1872年，孩子们抵达康涅狄格州的哈特福德，受到容闳先一步为他们安排好的美国借宿家庭的热烈欢迎。那些拥抱，亲吻，对这些害羞的梳着辫子的小男生们造成的心理冲击可想而知。但是孩子终究是孩子，他们迅速地开始融入美国生活。就算每年夏天他们仍然要聚在一起学习四书五经，并朝着北京紫禁城的方向行礼，也仍然不能阻挡他们变成“洋鬼子”。黄于是说：“乡愚少所见，见异辄意移。家书说贫穷，问子今何居。我今膳双鸡，谁记炊扊扅。汝言盎无粮，何不食肉糜？客问故乡事，欲答颜忸怩。嬉戏替戾冈，游䜩贺跋支，互谈伊优亚，独歌妃呼豨，吴言与越语，病忘反不知。亦有习祆教，相率拜天祠，口嚼天父饼，手繙《景教碑》。楼台法界住，香华美人贻。此间国极乐，乐不故蜀思。”
我相信黄遵宪这段话只是讽刺某些朝廷人士的歪曲之词，实际上当年那些幼童大多学业优良，高中毕业后，9人进了耶鲁，其他去了哈佛，MIT，布朗等大学。
但这种忘记祖宗堕落变质甚至信奉异教的举动自然引起了朝廷的极大不满。1875年，新一届驻美公使吴嘉善到任，此人乃著名的保守派，一切均已“天朝上国”为准，自然与容闳不合。尤其在召见这些留学生时，这些小子尽然不行跪拜礼，吴大人自然怒不可遏。黄遵宪接着描写当时情景：“新来吴监督，其僚喜官威，谓此泛驾马，衔勒万能骑。徵集诸生来，不拜即鞭笞。弱者呼謈痛，强者反唇稽。汝辈狼野心，不如鼠有皮。谁甘畜生骂，公然老拳挥。监督愤上书，溢以加罪辞，诸生尽佻达，所业徒荒嬉，学成供蛮奴，否则仍汉痴，国家糜金钱，养此将何为？”
就是这一道学生“腹少儒书，德行未坚，。。。实易沾其恶习”的奏折，埋下了朝廷死令召回这些幼童的伏笔。而这“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的标记，在之后的一百多年里也就一直打在留学生的头上。之后种种，如“资产阶级走狗”，“卖国贼”，“假洋鬼子”，“不懂中国国情”等等，无非都是“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的不同组合罢了。
这奏折之后一系列的外交风波，加上美国民间对在美二十几万华工的敌视和不断冲突，最终导致了1882年的《排华法案》，连容闳的美国国籍都遭剥夺，而黄遵宪也就此写下名作《逐客篇》，感慨世界之大，龙子龙孙竟然无处栖身？！所谓“倒顷四海水，此耻难洗濯。他邦互效尤，无地容飘泊。远步想章亥，近功陋卫霍。芒芒问禹迹，何时版图廓？”
到底美国为何排华？这些幼童的命运如何？容闳的百年大计又是如何收场？“新闻联播”之后，我们马上回来。：）
兰小欢 @ 2008-11-24 6:59 评论(11) 推荐值(100) 引用通告 分类: 未归类
所有在外留学的中国学子，都不应该忘记容闳（Yung Wing)这个名字，这个几乎只手创造了“幼童留美”奇迹的人,这个只手拉开了华人百年留美大幕的人。1854年，他从耶鲁毕业，其时他已经在该大学连续两年拿到英语作文的第一名。他写道：“大学四年来，尤其是临近毕业这一年，中国的惨状时时浮现在我眼前，沉重不堪。。。。我坚信中国的新一代应该如我一般享有良好的教育；‘西学’或可给中国新生，启迪民智，重整国威。这已是我一生事业所系。”
（看看这位“旧概念作文”冠军的原文："All through my college course, especially in the closing year, the lamentable condition of China was before my mind constantly and weighed on my spirits。... I was determined that the rising generation of China should enjoy the same educational advantages that I had enjoyed; that through western education China might be regenerated, become enlightened and powerful. To accomplish that object became the guiding star of my ambition.")
1870年，他终于说动曾国藩上书，奏请朝廷派遣子弟出洋学习。十年后远在日本的黄遵宪用这件事开始了他的长诗《罢美国留学生感赋》，该赋开篇回忆了汉唐盛世，各国来朝，想当年各国蛮夷只有来我国留学的份儿，所谓“各遣子弟来，来拜国子师”。随后笔锋一转，写道如今风水轮流转，强敌环伺，国势日渐不支，科举之下都是酒囊饭袋之辈，不足扶大厦于将倾，“欲为树人计，所当师四夷”。
（当年游北京国子监，逢科举历史展。印象中最后一届的科举考试有命题论文曰“项羽拿破仑论”，有学子奋笔疾书，大意：项羽霸王盖世，有万夫不当之男，如今拿一破轮，实乃大材小用云云）
当年的留美可不像今天这般荣光，那是流放加要命的活，海上漂泊三数月，远离故土生死未卜前途难测，高官富贾子弟哪个会去？所以在一开始的招生就遇到了大麻烦。于是黄感叹道：“茫茫西半球，远隔天之涯，千金不垂堂，谁敢狎蛟螭？惟有小家子，重利轻别离，纥干山头雀，短喙日啼饥，但图飞去乐，不复问所之。”
所以“留学”这件事从一开始就带上了“自我选择”的烙印：一个人自然选择离去，那他对故土的牵挂必然少一些，所以后来不回去也没什么好奇怪的。就像今天进城打工的农村子弟，谁没有怀揣一点梦想，哪个又想回去？
朝廷在内地找不到人，就只能转向沿海。所以第一批留美幼童的30人中，25人来自广东。当时容闳的宣传口号只有一个：学成归来，必能成为朝廷命官。如今出外留学，家长要负责提供足够的财产证明；而在当年，家长所用做的，是签下一张“生死状”。比如詹天佑的老爷子就要签字画押道：“倘有疾病生死，各安天命。”最终，这批孩童集结上海，朝廷在那里设立预备学堂，抓紧最后的时间进行“洗脑” -- 大讲四书五经也。
1872年，孩子们抵达康涅狄格州的哈特福德，受到容闳先一步为他们安排好的美国借宿家庭的热烈欢迎。那些拥抱，亲吻，对这些害羞的梳着辫子的小男生们造成的心理冲击可想而知。但是孩子终究是孩子，他们迅速地开始融入美国生活。就算每年夏天他们仍然要聚在一起学习四书五经，并朝着北京紫禁城的方向行礼，也仍然不能阻挡他们变成“洋鬼子”。黄于是说：“乡愚少所见，见异辄意移。家书说贫穷，问子今何居。我今膳双鸡，谁记炊扊扅。汝言盎无粮，何不食肉糜？客问故乡事，欲答颜忸怩。嬉戏替戾冈，游䜩贺跋支，互谈伊优亚，独歌妃呼豨，吴言与越语，病忘反不知。亦有习祆教，相率拜天祠，口嚼天父饼，手繙《景教碑》。楼台法界住，香华美人贻。此间国极乐，乐不故蜀思。”
我相信黄遵宪这段话只是讽刺某些朝廷人士的歪曲之词，实际上当年那些幼童大多学业优良，高中毕业后，9人进了耶鲁，其他去了哈佛，MIT，布朗等大学。
但这种忘记祖宗堕落变质甚至信奉异教的举动自然引起了朝廷的极大不满。1875年，新一届驻美公使吴嘉善到任，此人乃著名的保守派，一切均已“天朝上国”为准，自然与容闳不合。尤其在召见这些留学生时，这些小子尽然不行跪拜礼，吴大人自然怒不可遏。黄遵宪接着描写当时情景：“新来吴监督，其僚喜官威，谓此泛驾马，衔勒万能骑。徵集诸生来，不拜即鞭笞。弱者呼謈痛，强者反唇稽。汝辈狼野心，不如鼠有皮。谁甘畜生骂，公然老拳挥。监督愤上书，溢以加罪辞，诸生尽佻达，所业徒荒嬉，学成供蛮奴，否则仍汉痴，国家糜金钱，养此将何为？”
就是这一道学生“腹少儒书，德行未坚，。。。实易沾其恶习”的奏折，埋下了朝廷死令召回这些幼童的伏笔。而这“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的标记，在之后的一百多年里也就一直打在留学生的头上。之后种种，如“资产阶级走狗”，“卖国贼”，“假洋鬼子”，“不懂中国国情”等等，无非都是“蛮奴”和“汉痴”的不同组合罢了。
这奏折之后一系列的外交风波，加上美国民间对在美二十几万华工的敌视和不断冲突，最终导致了1882年的《排华法案》，连容闳的美国国籍都遭剥夺，而黄遵宪也就此写下名作《逐客篇》，感慨世界之大，龙子龙孙竟然无处栖身？！所谓“倒顷四海水，此耻难洗濯。他邦互效尤，无地容飘泊。远步想章亥，近功陋卫霍。芒芒问禹迹，何时版图廓？”
到底美国为何排华？这些幼童的命运如何？容闳的百年大计又是如何收场？“新闻联播”之后，我们马上回来。：）
Friday, May 15, 2009
十八世纪对于明清史的注意
吴骞收集明清时代的书集
1.毛文龙传
2.题跋：山阳录－－关于复社，说明十八世纪的文人清楚地知道明清换季的历史。（卷四－24b)
3.题跋：敬修堂同学诸子出处记
4.郁氏將此行採辦硫礦的經過及在台的所見所聞，著成《裨海紀遊》（或名《採硫日記》、《渡海輿記》），為現存最早也是 內容最豐富的一本台灣遊記，與黃叔璥所著之《台海使槎錄》， 併稱「清代描寫台灣風土人物景觀的散文雙璧」
5.元珠密语： 收书－－－为成御物－－－
6.与御收书比较
7.医书
8.求人题跋:图绘福鉴。
9.笠泽丛书。
10.为明史收书。鲁斋遗书
11.天启宫词， 蒋之？？，明甲申之，明诗综
12.遗老高风，陈乾初等人，乾隆丙辰
13.甲申传信录,
越危险的话题，越有收藏价值。明清易代，并是其一。
1.毛文龙传
2.题跋：山阳录－－关于复社，说明十八世纪的文人清楚地知道明清换季的历史。（卷四－24b)
3.题跋：敬修堂同学诸子出处记
4.郁氏將此行採辦硫礦的經過及在台的所見所聞，著成《裨海紀遊》（或名《採硫日記》、《渡海輿記》），為現存最早也是 內容最豐富的一本台灣遊記，與黃叔璥所著之《台海使槎錄》， 併稱「清代描寫台灣風土人物景觀的散文雙璧」
5.元珠密语： 收书－－－为成御物－－－
6.与御收书比较
7.医书
8.求人题跋:图绘福鉴。
9.笠泽丛书。
10.为明史收书。鲁斋遗书
11.天启宫词， 蒋之？？，明甲申之，明诗综
12.遗老高风，陈乾初等人，乾隆丙辰
13.甲申传信录,
越危险的话题，越有收藏价值。明清易代，并是其一。
Concubine, text, and Gifts
1) class and patriarchy; 2) give and take
1809, Wu
Preface
一般来说，在“内言不出”的教条限制下，妇女更倾向于把自己所写的文字视为个人的隐私。诗文可以提高男性文人的名声，但对才女而言，把诗文泄露到外面，往往会败坏名声。从某种程度上说，她们本人就对自己的作品制造了检查。
1. Ambiguous status of Concubine in the Qing Great Codes (servant, trade, family member)
Xu Ying (servant)
Xu Ying (Family member)
When Polygamy was practiced in late imperial China, a Concubine and her offersprings had certain legitimate position in the family, but with a more inferior status (Watson, 1991, 231)
concubine was under the control of her parents-in-law, her husband, and her wife.
Women and property in China
A concubine had the right to succeed the property of her child (
2. Literature Representation of Qi
1) aiyuan, not recognized with virtue and beauty
2) jealousy
3)
2. Xu Ying as a soul-mate: Xu Ji Xiao Zhuan Self-Representation
a. Wu Qian's description: traveling and poetry
英雄气短，儿女情长，－－来消解八股文和其他俗务让他们产生的无力感 。而才女及其诗词的出现，可以让文人们对自己的失望，却唤起对理想女性的回归。吴骞，将徐莹看成自己的神女，是“以证道，去除心魔“的
世界是一个来去匆匆的舞台，成败得失早已命中注定
3. Materialize Xu Ying's Writing: give
pictures, calligraphy, and poetry collections, poems
女性文本成为女人的化身，才女书写的文字也会散发出才女身上的气息。
4. Creating a Talented Woman of Wu Family: take
a. Liang Tongshu's calligraphy about Xu Ji Xiao Zhuan. Conceal the fact that Wu has to paid.
b. his friends' poetry
5. Xu Ying's voices: How is her voices controlled through her own poetry, her
a. happy,
6. Creating a Talented Woman of Wu Family:
1) Zhu Lou Yi Gao
2) 1909 re-production of Xu Ying's picture
concubine in literary characterization and concubine in literati identity. The author concludes that concubine in late Ming and early Qing literature is essentially the dissident literati's stance against tyrannical politics, a psychological strategy to relieve anxiety over growing political inferiority
1809, Wu
Preface
一般来说，在“内言不出”的教条限制下，妇女更倾向于把自己所写的文字视为个人的隐私。诗文可以提高男性文人的名声，但对才女而言，把诗文泄露到外面，往往会败坏名声。从某种程度上说，她们本人就对自己的作品制造了检查。
1. Ambiguous status of Concubine in the Qing Great Codes (servant, trade, family member)
Xu Ying (servant)
Xu Ying (Family member)
When Polygamy was practiced in late imperial China, a Concubine and her offersprings had certain legitimate position in the family, but with a more inferior status (Watson, 1991, 231)
concubine was under the control of her parents-in-law, her husband, and her wife.
Women and property in China
A concubine had the right to succeed the property of her child (
2. Literature Representation of Qi
1) aiyuan, not recognized with virtue and beauty
2) jealousy
3)
2. Xu Ying as a soul-mate: Xu Ji Xiao Zhuan Self-Representation
a. Wu Qian's description: traveling and poetry
英雄气短，儿女情长，－－来消解八股文和其他俗务让他们产生的无力感 。而才女及其诗词的出现，可以让文人们对自己的失望，却唤起对理想女性的回归。吴骞，将徐莹看成自己的神女，是“以证道，去除心魔“的
世界是一个来去匆匆的舞台，成败得失早已命中注定
3. Materialize Xu Ying's Writing: give
pictures, calligraphy, and poetry collections, poems
女性文本成为女人的化身，才女书写的文字也会散发出才女身上的气息。
4. Creating a Talented Woman of Wu Family: take
a. Liang Tongshu's calligraphy about Xu Ji Xiao Zhuan. Conceal the fact that Wu has to paid.
b. his friends' poetry
5. Xu Ying's voices: How is her voices controlled through her own poetry, her
a. happy,
6. Creating a Talented Woman of Wu Family:
1) Zhu Lou Yi Gao
2) 1909 re-production of Xu Ying's picture
concubine in literary characterization and concubine in literati identity. The author concludes that concubine in late Ming and early Qing literature is essentially the dissident literati's stance against tyrannical politics, a psychological strategy to relieve anxiety over growing political inferiority
Flow of gifts
In this presentation, a close reading of face-to-face interactions and material exchanges between the Kangxi emperor and his officials during the southern tours offers evidence of the court's ongoing efforts to balance gestures of cultural accommodation with assertions of ethnic domination and difference
The Give and Take of Qing Rule: Local Tribute and Imperial Gifts on Kangxi's Southern Tours
In this paper, I examine representations of local tribute and imperial gift-giving during Kangxi's well-known southern tours (1684-1707). Using a wide variety of sources—including secret memorials and edicts, imperial diaries and poetry, and court paintings, as well as literati "jottings", diaries, and biographies—I detail how the Kangxi emperor and Han local elites represented their personal interactions with each other. I argue that imperial rights/rites of refusing local tribute along with frequent bestowals of favor/grace (especially edibles) allowed the Kangxi emperor not only to present himself as a generous and benevolent ruler, but also to euphemize his court's domination of both the empire's material resources and the regular administrative apparatus. Through a careful reading of visual and textual sources, I also suggest how the articulation and assertion of such "officialized" or "euphemized" meanings was often a vexing and risky enterprise, open to various interpretations. Finally, this paper demonstrates how the Kangxi emperor's frequent bestowals of edible exotics from the imperial table and pantry obliged his highest ranking civil and military officials in the provinces to participate in conspicuous acts of consumption and to thereby recognize and assume their places within a multi-ethnic patrimonial network dominated by a Manchu and Mongol minority.
The Give and Take of Qing Rule: Local Tribute and Imperial Gifts on Kangxi's Southern Tours
In this paper, I examine representations of local tribute and imperial gift-giving during Kangxi's well-known southern tours (1684-1707). Using a wide variety of sources—including secret memorials and edicts, imperial diaries and poetry, and court paintings, as well as literati "jottings", diaries, and biographies—I detail how the Kangxi emperor and Han local elites represented their personal interactions with each other. I argue that imperial rights/rites of refusing local tribute along with frequent bestowals of favor/grace (especially edibles) allowed the Kangxi emperor not only to present himself as a generous and benevolent ruler, but also to euphemize his court's domination of both the empire's material resources and the regular administrative apparatus. Through a careful reading of visual and textual sources, I also suggest how the articulation and assertion of such "officialized" or "euphemized" meanings was often a vexing and risky enterprise, open to various interpretations. Finally, this paper demonstrates how the Kangxi emperor's frequent bestowals of edible exotics from the imperial table and pantry obliged his highest ranking civil and military officials in the provinces to participate in conspicuous acts of consumption and to thereby recognize and assume their places within a multi-ethnic patrimonial network dominated by a Manchu and Mongol minority.
Flow of gifts
In this presentation, a close reading of face-to-face interactions and material exchanges between the Kangxi emperor and his officials during the southern tours offers evidence of the court's ongoing efforts to balance gestures of cultural accommodation with assertions of ethnic domination and difference
Thursday, May 14, 2009
concubines
I have been trying to find works that address what happened to the
concubines of Chinese men who converted to Christianity, especially in the
Jesuit period. Did they also convert? Who took care of them? Could they
get re-married? What was the Confucian view of concubines? The Buddhist
view? How did the missionaries treat the concubines? How did they respond
to the argument that turning out concubines was immoral?
So far I have only found some tangential references in Willard Peterson's
"Why Did They Become Christians? Yang T'ing-y�n, Li Chih-tsao, and Hs� Kuang-ch'i." Any help will be much appreciated.
An article by Tian Haihua entitled 'Confucian Catholics' Appropriation of
the Decalogue: A Case Study of Cross-Textual Reading' in Chloe Starr, ed.,
Reading Christian Scriptures in China (London: T&T Clark, 2008) deals with
the question of concubines and adultery as part of a wider discussion on
morality. Tian draws on various articles by Nicolas Standaert on
inculturation etc. in her article, including Standaert's monograph on Yang
Tingyun.*
*Ed. Note: Nicholas Standaert, _Yang Tingyun, Confucian and Christian in
Late Ming China: His Life and Thought_ (Sinica Ledensia, Vol 19), Leiden
& New York: E.J. Brill, 1988 ISBN: 9004081277
concubines of Chinese men who converted to Christianity, especially in the
Jesuit period. Did they also convert? Who took care of them? Could they
get re-married? What was the Confucian view of concubines? The Buddhist
view? How did the missionaries treat the concubines? How did they respond
to the argument that turning out concubines was immoral?
So far I have only found some tangential references in Willard Peterson's
"Why Did They Become Christians? Yang T'ing-y�n, Li Chih-tsao, and Hs� Kuang-ch'i." Any help will be much appreciated.
An article by Tian Haihua entitled 'Confucian Catholics' Appropriation of
the Decalogue: A Case Study of Cross-Textual Reading' in Chloe Starr, ed.,
Reading Christian Scriptures in China (London: T&T Clark, 2008) deals with
the question of concubines and adultery as part of a wider discussion on
morality. Tian draws on various articles by Nicolas Standaert on
inculturation etc. in her article, including Standaert's monograph on Yang
Tingyun.*
*Ed. Note: Nicholas Standaert, _Yang Tingyun, Confucian and Christian in
Late Ming China: His Life and Thought_ (Sinica Ledensia, Vol 19), Leiden
& New York: E.J. Brill, 1988 ISBN: 9004081277
法律的儒家化
中国法律的儒家化大致在北朝时期完成，因此秦汉法律与唐以后的法律有着很大区别，这一点也是《汉代社会结构》中着重指出的。例如汉代女子可主动离婚、再婚，不受任何社会歧视，贵族男子娶寡妇或已离婚的女子也不以为耻，因此我们才可理解《孔雀东南飞》中刘兰芝离婚后还有府君来求婚。这类举动在后世都是匪夷所思的，按唐朝以后的法律，妻子单方面提出离婚是非常严重的罪行，唐宋时要判处二至三年徒刑，明清甚至处以绞刑。
《清代地方政府》则提供了另一幅图景，即一个传统文化达到高度稳定的社会，其地方的组织、职能、效率和纪律控制；从中深入剖析后得出结论：中国地方政府效率差，主因是组织不善和缺乏协调。
《清代地方政府》则提供了另一幅图景，即一个传统文化达到高度稳定的社会，其地方的组织、职能、效率和纪律控制；从中深入剖析后得出结论：中国地方政府效率差，主因是组织不善和缺乏协调。
Monday, May 11, 2009
海昌朱氏宗譜:
海昌朱氏宗譜: [20卷, 卷首1卷, 卷後1卷] /
海寧朱氏宗譜. 朱氏宗譜. 海寧朱氏宗譜七里松支. 朱氏宗譜七里松支.COLUMBIA UNIV, E ASIAN
海寧渤海陳氏家譜 [20卷, 卷首 1卷] /COLUMBIA UNIV, E ASIAN
浙江海寧許氏歷代宗譜
海寧朱氏宗譜. 朱氏宗譜. 海寧朱氏宗譜七里松支. 朱氏宗譜七里松支.COLUMBIA UNIV, E ASIAN
海寧渤海陳氏家譜 [20卷, 卷首 1卷] /COLUMBIA UNIV, E ASIAN
浙江海寧許氏歷代宗譜
Title:
中國荒政全書 : (第二輯) /
Zhongguo huang zheng quan shu :
di 2 ji /
Author(s):
李文海. 夏明方, 1964-
Li, Wenhai.
Xia, Mingfang,; 1964-
Publication:
北京 : 北京古籍出版社, 2004. Edition: 第1版.
Beijing : Beijing gu ji chu ban she,
Edition: Di 1 ban.
Year: 2004
Description: 4 v. ; 22 cm.
Language: Chinese (Hide non-Roman characters)
Contents:
救荒定义 / 陈瑚. 救荒策 / 魏禧. 捕蝗考 / 陈芳生. 常平仓考 ; 义仓考 ; 社仓考 ; 勋襄账济事宜 ; 捕蝗集要 / 俞森. 广惠编 / 朱轼. 扑蝻历效 / 王勋竹. 荒政考 / 王心敬. 急溺琐言 / 鲁之裕. 钦定康济录 / 陆曾禹. 荒政琐言 / 万维翰. 账纪 / 方观承. 亥子饥疫纪略 / 冒国柱. 账略 / 吴元炜. 荒政辑要 / 姚碧 -- 第2卷. 伐蛟说 / 魏廷珍. 救荒备览 / 劳潼. 余姚捐账事宜 / 张廷枚. 账案示稿 (节选). 劝民除水患以收水利歌 / 胡季堂. 钦定辛酉工账纪事 / 庆桂等. 荒政辑要 / 汪志伊. 账记 / 那彦成 -- 第3卷. 抚豫恤灾录 / 方受畴. 海宁州劝账唱和诗 / 易凤庭. 灾账全书 / 杨西明. 荒政备览 / 王凤生. 娄东荒政汇编 / 顾嘉言等. 淳安荒政纪略 / 王元基. 饲鸠纪略 / 邵廷烈 -- 第4卷. 筹济编 / 杨景仁. 使足编 ; 筹账事略 / 章谦存. 荒政摘要 / 李侪农. 江邑救荒笔记 / 周存义. 水荒吟 / 郑銮. 长清县倡办义仓有关文稿 / 舒化民. 义仓全案 / 鹿泽长. 救荒良方. 捕蝗汇编 / 陈僅. 灾蠲杂款 / 朱澍. 救贫捷法 / 冯祖绳.
中國荒政全書 : (第二輯) /
Zhongguo huang zheng quan shu :
di 2 ji /
Author(s):
李文海. 夏明方, 1964-
Li, Wenhai.
Xia, Mingfang,; 1964-
Publication:
北京 : 北京古籍出版社, 2004. Edition: 第1版.
Beijing : Beijing gu ji chu ban she,
Edition: Di 1 ban.
Year: 2004
Description: 4 v. ; 22 cm.
Language: Chinese (Hide non-Roman characters)
Contents:
救荒定义 / 陈瑚. 救荒策 / 魏禧. 捕蝗考 / 陈芳生. 常平仓考 ; 义仓考 ; 社仓考 ; 勋襄账济事宜 ; 捕蝗集要 / 俞森. 广惠编 / 朱轼. 扑蝻历效 / 王勋竹. 荒政考 / 王心敬. 急溺琐言 / 鲁之裕. 钦定康济录 / 陆曾禹. 荒政琐言 / 万维翰. 账纪 / 方观承. 亥子饥疫纪略 / 冒国柱. 账略 / 吴元炜. 荒政辑要 / 姚碧 -- 第2卷. 伐蛟说 / 魏廷珍. 救荒备览 / 劳潼. 余姚捐账事宜 / 张廷枚. 账案示稿 (节选). 劝民除水患以收水利歌 / 胡季堂. 钦定辛酉工账纪事 / 庆桂等. 荒政辑要 / 汪志伊. 账记 / 那彦成 -- 第3卷. 抚豫恤灾录 / 方受畴. 海宁州劝账唱和诗 / 易凤庭. 灾账全书 / 杨西明. 荒政备览 / 王凤生. 娄东荒政汇编 / 顾嘉言等. 淳安荒政纪略 / 王元基. 饲鸠纪略 / 邵廷烈 -- 第4卷. 筹济编 / 杨景仁. 使足编 ; 筹账事略 / 章谦存. 荒政摘要 / 李侪农. 江邑救荒笔记 / 周存义. 水荒吟 / 郑銮. 长清县倡办义仓有关文稿 / 舒化民. 义仓全案 / 鹿泽长. 救荒良方. 捕蝗汇编 / 陈僅. 灾蠲杂款 / 朱澍. 救贫捷法 / 冯祖绳.
Sunday, May 10, 2009
He Pingdi on 掌故
何炳棣《读史阅世六十年》
掌故：原指旧制、旧例，也是汉代掌管礼乐制度等史实者的官名。后来一种常见的意义是指关于历史人物、典章制度等的故事或传说。
anecdote：An anecdote is a very brief tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical[a.传记的] incident. It may be as brief as the setting and provocation of a bon mot[n. 珠玑妙语]. An anecdote is always based on real life, an incident involving actual persons, whether famous or not, in real places. However, over time, modification in reuse may convert a particular anecdote into a fictional piece, one that is retold but is "too good to be true". Sometimes humorous, anecdotes are not jokes, because their primary purpose is not simply to evoke laughter, but to reveal a truth more general than the brief tale itself, or to de’lineate[vt.描绘] a character trait[n.特征] or the workings of an institution in such a light that it strikes in a flash of insight to their very essence. A brief monologue[n.独白] beginning "A man walks into a bar..." will be a joke. A brief monologue beginning, "Once J. Edgar Hoover walked into a bar..." will be an anecdote. An anecdote thus is closer to the tradition of the parable than the patently[ad.明白地、公然地] invented fable with its animal characters and generic human figures— but it is distinct from the parable in the historical specificity which it claims. An anecdote is not a metaphor[n.隐喻] nor does it bear a moral[n.寓意], a necessity in both parable and fable, merely an ‘illustrative incident that is in some way an e’pitome[n.梗概].
掌故：原指旧制、旧例，也是汉代掌管礼乐制度等史实者的官名。后来一种常见的意义是指关于历史人物、典章制度等的故事或传说。
anecdote：An anecdote is a very brief tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical[a.传记的] incident. It may be as brief as the setting and provocation of a bon mot[n. 珠玑妙语]. An anecdote is always based on real life, an incident involving actual persons, whether famous or not, in real places. However, over time, modification in reuse may convert a particular anecdote into a fictional piece, one that is retold but is "too good to be true". Sometimes humorous, anecdotes are not jokes, because their primary purpose is not simply to evoke laughter, but to reveal a truth more general than the brief tale itself, or to de’lineate[vt.描绘] a character trait[n.特征] or the workings of an institution in such a light that it strikes in a flash of insight to their very essence. A brief monologue[n.独白] beginning "A man walks into a bar..." will be a joke. A brief monologue beginning, "Once J. Edgar Hoover walked into a bar..." will be an anecdote. An anecdote thus is closer to the tradition of the parable than the patently[ad.明白地、公然地] invented fable with its animal characters and generic human figures— but it is distinct from the parable in the historical specificity which it claims. An anecdote is not a metaphor[n.隐喻] nor does it bear a moral[n.寓意], a necessity in both parable and fable, merely an ‘illustrative incident that is in some way an e’pitome[n.梗概].
Zhejiang Piracy
In the winter of 1799-1800 When Ruan Yuan first arrived in Zhejiang as governor, his most urgent task was the suppression of coastal piracy. the initiation and implementation of a comprehensive program to halt the piracy off the southeast coast of China within the directives of Jiaqing remained a major challenge for him during hsi tenure in this province, 1799-1805, and again in 1808-9. This task was more difficult because the program had to be implemented without drawing from the regular tax revenue of the province.
However, piracy was rarely mentioned in local biji and poetry collection, and even local gazetteers.
Did local elites not recognize the problem?
Did they made some adjustment to their writing? if so, why?
Can we find any local records on pirates?
biji
吴昌炽 客窗闲话
查氏女（吴， 18－21），万历倭寇， 盐官。
姚幕府 （吴，235－238），台逆，
吴昌炽 续客窗闲话
难女 （吴， 253－256）
胡宗宪与徐谓曾在尖山练兵以御倭，乾隆有否诗句？记得《海塘录》中古迹一栏中，曾经记录此句，不知乾隆有否有诗句？
海宁县志（1776）
卷十六，杂志，兵寇，
海昌备志
艺文志
Piracy in Zhejiang was a serious problem to the Qing empire in the eighteenth century. In the winter of 1799-1800 when Ruan Yuan first arrived in Zhejiang as governor, his most urgent task was the suppression of Coastal Piracy (Wei, 81).
pirates had plagued the south China coast throughout the history. The goldern age of Chinese piracy appeared in the Ming and the Qing, roughly the sixteenth century thorugh nineteenth centuries. at teh time there was an unprecedented growth in chinese piarcy unsurpassed in size and scope anywhere else in the world. Antony points out that piracy surged in three great waves:One from 1522 to 1574, another from 1620 to 1684, and the last from 1780 to 1810 (Antony, 19).
Wokou in the mid-Ming:
the first pirate epoch emerged as a result of the imperial state' embargo on most maritime commerce. Piracy and smugglign became the chief means for conducting trade. Correspondingly, large-scale piracy was dominated by merchants who had littel choice but to turn to piracy to conduct business. piracy was intensely internationlized and highly politicized.
wokou pirates composed of Japanese, Chinese, and other foreign freebooters. Piracy was largely an inherent by-product of the Ming sea bans, which forged legitimate merchatns and seamen into criminals. great merchant-pirates such as Wang Zhi, Hong Dizhen, Wu Ping, and Xu Chaoguang, who combined trade with plunder.
haikou: Ming-Qing Dynastic Transition
Piracy was symptomatic of the political anarchy, economic instability, and social dislocations of the era. Many of the sea rebels(haikou) fused commerce with piracy and insurgency. The Zheng family, who took advantage of the choas to build up a huge maritime empire, exemplified the pirates-cum-merchants-cum rebels of this epoch.
Wei argues that it was the anti-dynastic character of piracy during the early Qing that added a political dimension to their threat in the mid-Qing. This is because the coast of Fujian and zhejiang had provided a strong base for the Ming loyalist movement in the wake of the Qing conquest. One example is Zheng Chenggong (1625-62), who had pledged himself to the Ming cause, had organized the province of Fujian into military unites and staged expeditions against the Manchu troops from there.
In 1658 he landed in zhejiang and Jiangsu with a force estimated to be between 100,000 and 170,000 men. After some initial success, his campaign ended in a disaster. he then retreated to Xiamen and from there to Taiwan because he needed a territory that was larger and more secure from the Qing, but which still was located proximate to the major east Asia maritime trade routes. After defeating Dutch and convinced his subordinates some of whom thought that Taiwan lacked "supplies and ship building facilities, Zheng and hsi successors settled in Taiwan and continued to raid the Zhejiang and Fujian coast with munitions sold to them by Dutch and English traders. The Qing court declare an embargo against all foreign imports later that year and ordered all coastal ports cloased to foreign trade and all inhabitants evacuated thirty to fifty li inland in order to cut off supplies to the Zheng group. This embargo was lifted in 1685 when Zheng's successors surrendered Taiwan to the Qing and the coast was considered safe from organized attacks once more. However, the Provincial officials were told to continue their vigilance for any possible sign of a resurgence of such activities. (Wei, 83; Struve,190-192)
Jiangyan dadao: Piracy in the mid-Qing
This era is marked by the rise of several major pirate leagues, composed of thousands of vessels and more than seventy thousand individuals. The nature of piracy had changed significantly in China. European free-booter and the great merchant-pirates of the earlier epochs had all but disappeared;instead, this was an age dominated by commoner seafarer-pirates.
Natural disasters, famines, money shortages, local self-defense efforts, embargoes, and military campaigns, coming together, produced severe hardships not only for the pirates but also for the people on shore. When the pirates, who by the summer of 1809 had become desperate for food and other supplies, attacked coastal and delta villages and market towns, local communities stepped up their defensive measures to protect what had become increasingly scarce resources. The pirate incursions into the prosperous heartland of the delta worked to unite local communities and the state in the fight against the pirates.
In the 1780s, the pirates preying on coastal residents and offshore traders were primarily men from localities in Southern Zhejiang and coastal Fujian. Residents of this region, living "along the irregular and inhospitable shore," turned to the sea (Wei, 83). These Chinese pirates had come from fishing and seafaring element of the populace. Natural disasters such as the severe flooding along the zhejiang and fujian coast in 1794, the worst in one hundred years, further disrupted the already depressed economy for the region. The price of rice, for instance, rose by eigth hundred copper cash per shi in the spring of 1795 (Qing shi lu, Qianlong, 1489:4; GZD, JQ000182 (JQ1/1/17) [1796/3/25]) the rice prices fluctuated seasonally in China. heavy exaction and drastic depreciation in the value of copper cash in terms of silver further added to the peopole's burden. the displaced persons joined the ranks of the populace who sought to supplement their income by robbing travelers and traders along the coast. their activities were disturbing for the authorities, but were not menacing as the pirate organized into groups (Wei, 83; Antony, ).
Bibliography:
Antony, Robert J. Like froth Floating on the Sea: The World of Pirates and seafarers in Late Imperial south China.
wei, Bety. "Internal Security and Coastal Control: Piracy Suppression in Zhejiang, 1799-1809"
Ruan Yuan 1764-1849: The Life and Work of a Major Scholar in China before the Opium War, 2006
Lynn A. Struve. The Southern Ming 1644-1662 (1984).
Fitzpatrick,Merrilyn. 1979. "Local Interests and the Anti-Pirate Administration China's South-East, 1555-1565." ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 4.2:1-50.
Guan Wenfa. 1994. "Qingdai zhongye Cai Qian haishang wuzhuang jituan xingzhi banxi"[ An analysis of the nature of the maritime armed groups of Cai Qian in the mid-Qing period]. zhongugo shi yanjiu 1:93-100.
宗族、市场、盗寇与蛋民——明以后珠江三角洲的族群与社会，《中国社会经济史研究》2004年第三期。（与萧凤霞合作）
Lineage, Market, Pirate, and Dan: Ethnicity in the Pearl River Delta of South China, in Pamela Kyle Crossley, Helen F. Siu, Donald S. Sutton (Ed),Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China，University of California Press,1995.(与萧凤霞合作)
However, piracy was rarely mentioned in local biji and poetry collection, and even local gazetteers.
Did local elites not recognize the problem?
Did they made some adjustment to their writing? if so, why?
Can we find any local records on pirates?
biji
吴昌炽 客窗闲话
查氏女（吴， 18－21），万历倭寇， 盐官。
姚幕府 （吴，235－238），台逆，
吴昌炽 续客窗闲话
难女 （吴， 253－256）
胡宗宪与徐谓曾在尖山练兵以御倭，乾隆有否诗句？记得《海塘录》中古迹一栏中，曾经记录此句，不知乾隆有否有诗句？
海宁县志（1776）
卷十六，杂志，兵寇，
海昌备志
艺文志
Piracy in Zhejiang was a serious problem to the Qing empire in the eighteenth century. In the winter of 1799-1800 when Ruan Yuan first arrived in Zhejiang as governor, his most urgent task was the suppression of Coastal Piracy (Wei, 81).
pirates had plagued the south China coast throughout the history. The goldern age of Chinese piracy appeared in the Ming and the Qing, roughly the sixteenth century thorugh nineteenth centuries. at teh time there was an unprecedented growth in chinese piarcy unsurpassed in size and scope anywhere else in the world. Antony points out that piracy surged in three great waves:One from 1522 to 1574, another from 1620 to 1684, and the last from 1780 to 1810 (Antony, 19).
Wokou in the mid-Ming:
the first pirate epoch emerged as a result of the imperial state' embargo on most maritime commerce. Piracy and smugglign became the chief means for conducting trade. Correspondingly, large-scale piracy was dominated by merchants who had littel choice but to turn to piracy to conduct business. piracy was intensely internationlized and highly politicized.
wokou pirates composed of Japanese, Chinese, and other foreign freebooters. Piracy was largely an inherent by-product of the Ming sea bans, which forged legitimate merchatns and seamen into criminals. great merchant-pirates such as Wang Zhi, Hong Dizhen, Wu Ping, and Xu Chaoguang, who combined trade with plunder.
haikou: Ming-Qing Dynastic Transition
Piracy was symptomatic of the political anarchy, economic instability, and social dislocations of the era. Many of the sea rebels(haikou) fused commerce with piracy and insurgency. The Zheng family, who took advantage of the choas to build up a huge maritime empire, exemplified the pirates-cum-merchants-cum rebels of this epoch.
Wei argues that it was the anti-dynastic character of piracy during the early Qing that added a political dimension to their threat in the mid-Qing. This is because the coast of Fujian and zhejiang had provided a strong base for the Ming loyalist movement in the wake of the Qing conquest. One example is Zheng Chenggong (1625-62), who had pledged himself to the Ming cause, had organized the province of Fujian into military unites and staged expeditions against the Manchu troops from there.
In 1658 he landed in zhejiang and Jiangsu with a force estimated to be between 100,000 and 170,000 men. After some initial success, his campaign ended in a disaster. he then retreated to Xiamen and from there to Taiwan because he needed a territory that was larger and more secure from the Qing, but which still was located proximate to the major east Asia maritime trade routes. After defeating Dutch and convinced his subordinates some of whom thought that Taiwan lacked "supplies and ship building facilities, Zheng and hsi successors settled in Taiwan and continued to raid the Zhejiang and Fujian coast with munitions sold to them by Dutch and English traders. The Qing court declare an embargo against all foreign imports later that year and ordered all coastal ports cloased to foreign trade and all inhabitants evacuated thirty to fifty li inland in order to cut off supplies to the Zheng group. This embargo was lifted in 1685 when Zheng's successors surrendered Taiwan to the Qing and the coast was considered safe from organized attacks once more. However, the Provincial officials were told to continue their vigilance for any possible sign of a resurgence of such activities. (Wei, 83; Struve,190-192)
Jiangyan dadao: Piracy in the mid-Qing
This era is marked by the rise of several major pirate leagues, composed of thousands of vessels and more than seventy thousand individuals. The nature of piracy had changed significantly in China. European free-booter and the great merchant-pirates of the earlier epochs had all but disappeared;instead, this was an age dominated by commoner seafarer-pirates.
Natural disasters, famines, money shortages, local self-defense efforts, embargoes, and military campaigns, coming together, produced severe hardships not only for the pirates but also for the people on shore. When the pirates, who by the summer of 1809 had become desperate for food and other supplies, attacked coastal and delta villages and market towns, local communities stepped up their defensive measures to protect what had become increasingly scarce resources. The pirate incursions into the prosperous heartland of the delta worked to unite local communities and the state in the fight against the pirates.
In the 1780s, the pirates preying on coastal residents and offshore traders were primarily men from localities in Southern Zhejiang and coastal Fujian. Residents of this region, living "along the irregular and inhospitable shore," turned to the sea (Wei, 83). These Chinese pirates had come from fishing and seafaring element of the populace. Natural disasters such as the severe flooding along the zhejiang and fujian coast in 1794, the worst in one hundred years, further disrupted the already depressed economy for the region. The price of rice, for instance, rose by eigth hundred copper cash per shi in the spring of 1795 (Qing shi lu, Qianlong, 1489:4; GZD, JQ000182 (JQ1/1/17) [1796/3/25]) the rice prices fluctuated seasonally in China. heavy exaction and drastic depreciation in the value of copper cash in terms of silver further added to the peopole's burden. the displaced persons joined the ranks of the populace who sought to supplement their income by robbing travelers and traders along the coast. their activities were disturbing for the authorities, but were not menacing as the pirate organized into groups (Wei, 83; Antony, ).
Bibliography:
Antony, Robert J. Like froth Floating on the Sea: The World of Pirates and seafarers in Late Imperial south China.
wei, Bety. "Internal Security and Coastal Control: Piracy Suppression in Zhejiang, 1799-1809"
Ruan Yuan 1764-1849: The Life and Work of a Major Scholar in China before the Opium War, 2006
Lynn A. Struve. The Southern Ming 1644-1662 (1984).
Fitzpatrick,Merrilyn. 1979. "Local Interests and the Anti-Pirate Administration China's South-East, 1555-1565." ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 4.2:1-50.
Guan Wenfa. 1994. "Qingdai zhongye Cai Qian haishang wuzhuang jituan xingzhi banxi"[ An analysis of the nature of the maritime armed groups of Cai Qian in the mid-Qing period]. zhongugo shi yanjiu 1:93-100.
宗族、市场、盗寇与蛋民——明以后珠江三角洲的族群与社会，《中国社会经济史研究》2004年第三期。（与萧凤霞合作）
Lineage, Market, Pirate, and Dan: Ethnicity in the Pearl River Delta of South China, in Pamela Kyle Crossley, Helen F. Siu, Donald S. Sutton (Ed),Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China，University of California Press,1995.(与萧凤霞合作)
Manchu rule and ethnicity
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle. Orphan Warriors : Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle. The Manchus. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1997.
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle. A Translucent Mirror : History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
* Dennerline, Jerry. The Chia-Ting Loyalists : Confucian Leadership and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
* Elliott, Mark C. The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.
* Leong, Sow-Theng, Tim Wright and G. William Skinner, ed. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997.
* Lipman, Jonathan Neaman. Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.
* Michael, Franz H. The Origin of Manchu Rule in China; Frontier and Bureaucracy as Interacting Forces in the Chinese Empire. New York: Octagon Books, 1965.
* Millward, James A. Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998.
* Oxnam, Robert B. Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661-1669. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
* Spence, Jonathan D. and John E. Wills, ed. From Ming to Ch'ing : Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
* Spence, Jonathan D. Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-Hsi Emperor : Bondservant and Master. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988. 有中译本
* Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of the Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.有中译本
Government
* Bartlett, Beatrice S. Monarchs and Ministers : The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723-1820. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
* Ch'?g.-tsu. Local Government in China under the Ch'ing. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962. 有中译本
* Dunstan, Helen. Conflicting Counsels to Confuse the Age : A Documentary Study of Political Economy in Qing China, 1644-1840. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan, 1996.
* Metzger, Thomas A. The Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy: Legal, Normative, and Communication Aspects. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.
* Watt, John R. The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
* Will, Pierre-Etienne. Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990. 有中译本
* Will, Pierre-Etienne, Roy Bin Wong and James Z. Lee. Nourish the People : The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan, 1991.
* Wu, Silas H. L. Communication and Imperial Control in China; Evolution of the Palace Memorial System, 1693-1735. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970.
* Zelin, Madeleine. The Magistrate's Tael : Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth-Century Ch'ing China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.有中译本
State and Society
* Benedict, Carol. Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Bernhardt, Katherine. Rents, Taxes, and Peasant Resistance : The Lower Yangzi Region, 1840-1950. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992.
* Grove, Linda and Christian Daniels, ed. State and Society in China : Japanese Perspectives on Ming-Qing Social and Economic History. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984.
* Ho, Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. 有中译本
* Hsiao, Kung-ch'uan. Rural China; Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960.
* Huang, Philip C. Civil Justice in China : Representation and Practice in the Qing. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Kuhn, Philip A. Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990. 有中译本
* Mann, Susan. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987.
* Min, Tu-gi, Philip A. Kuhn and Timothy Brook, ed. National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1989.
* Perdue, Peter C. Exhausting the Earth : State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500-1850. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1987.
* Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Making of a Hinterland : State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 1853-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. 有中译本
* Sommer, Matthew H. Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Economy
* Elvin, Mark. The Pattern of the Chinese Past. London: Eyre Methuen, 1973.
* Feuerwerker, Albert. The Chinese Economy, Ca. 1870-1911. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan, 1969.
* Gardella, Robert Paul. Harvesting Mountains : Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
* Hou, Chi-ming. Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China, 1840-1937. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
* Huang, Philip C. The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985. 有中译本
* Rawski, Thomas G. and Lillian M. Li, ed. Chinese History in Economic Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
* Wong, Roy Bin. China Transformed : Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. 有中译本
* Li, Lillian M. China's Silk Trade : Traditional Industry in the Modern World, 1842-1937. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1981.
* Leonard, Jane Kate and John R. Watt, ed. To Achieve Security and Wealth : The Qing Imperial State and the Economy, 1644-1911. Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program Cornell University, 1992.
* Marks, Robert B. Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt : Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
* Moulder, Frances V. Japan, China and the Modern World Economy : Towards a Reinterpretation of East Asian Development Ca. 1600-Ca. 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
* Myers, Ramon Hawley. The Chinese Economy, Past and Present. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1980. 有中译本
* Perkins, Dwight Heald and Kang Chao, ed. China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective : Sponsored by the Social Science Research Council. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975.
* Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Making of a Hinterland : State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 1853-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. 有中译本
* Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida. Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.
* Stockard, Janice E. Daughters of the Canton Delta : Marriage Patterns and Economic Strategies in South China, 1860-1930. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
* Willmott, William E., ed. Economic Organization in Chinese Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1972.
Elites
* Beattie, Hilary J. Land and Lineage in China : A Study of T'Ung-Ch'Eng County, Anhwei, in the Ming and Ch'ing Dynasties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
* Chang, Chung-li. The Chinese Gentry; Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955. 有中译本
* Chang, Chung-li. The Income of the Chinese Gentry. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962. 有中译本
* Esherick, Joseph and Mary B. Rankin, ed. Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
* Ho, Ping-ti. The Ladder of Success in Imperial China; Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
* Kuhn, Philip A. Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China, Militarization and Social Structure, 1796-1864. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970. 有中译本
* Meskill, Johanna Margarete Menzel. A Chinese Pioneer Family : The Lins of Wu-Feng, Taiwan, 1729-1895. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979.
* Polachek, James M. The Inner Opium War. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University, 1992.
* Rankin, Mary B. Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China : Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1986.
Scholarship and Culture
* Chow, Kai-wing. The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China : Ethics, Classics, and Lineage Discourse. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994.
* Elman, Benjamin A. From Philosophy to Philology : Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1984. 有中译本
* Elman, Benjamin A. Classicism, Politics, and Kinship : The Ch'Ang-Chou School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. 有中译本
* Keenan, Barry C. Imperial China's Last Classical Academies : Social Change in the Lower Yangzi, 1864-1911. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, 1994.
* Wilson, Thomas A. Genealogy of the Way : The Construction and Uses of the Confucian Tradition in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.
Urban Society
* Rowe, William T. Hankow : Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984. 有中译本
* Rowe, William T. Hankow : Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
* Rozman, Gilbert. Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.
* Skinner, G. William, ed. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1977.有中译本
Women and Family
* Bray, Francesca. Technology and Gender : Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
* Eastman, Lloyd E. Family, Fields, and Ancestors : Constancy and Change in China's Social and Economic History, 1550-1949. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
* Ko, Dorothy Teachers of the Inner Chambers : Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994. 有中译本
* Mann, Susan. Precious Records : Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997. 有中译本
* Sommer, Matthew H. Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.
* Spence, Jonathan D. The Death of Woman Wang. New York: Penguin Books, 1979. 有中译本
* Stockard, Janice E. Daughters of the Canton Delta : Marriage Patterns and Economic Strategies in South China, 1860-1930. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
Religion and Popular Culture
* Chesneaux, Jean, ed. Secret Societies in China in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971.
* Jordan, David K. Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors; the Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
* Martin, Emily and Arthur P. Wolf, ed. Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974.
* Naquin, Susan and Chun-fang Y? Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
* Nathan, Andrew J., Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, Judith A. Berling, and David G. Johnson, ed. Popular Culture in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
* Overmyer, Daniel L. Folk Buddhist Religion : Dissenting Sects in Late Traditional China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976.
* Shih, Yu-chung. The Taiping Ideology; Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967.
* Watson, James L. and Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, ed. Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
* Yang, C. K. Religion in Chinese Society; a Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.
Opium Wars
* Chang, Hsin-pao. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964. 有中译本
* Fay, Peter Ward. The Opium War, 1840-1842 : Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
* Polachek, James M. The Inner Opium War. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University, 1992.
* Wakeman, Frederic E. Strangers at the Gate; Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. 有中译本
* Waley, Arthur. The Opium War through Chinese Eyes. London: Allen & Unwin, 1958.
* Wong, J. Y. Deadly Dreams : Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Foreign Relations, Imperialism, and Trade
* Benedict, Carol. Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Eastman, Lloyd E. Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy During the Sino-French Controversy, 1880-1885. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
* Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast; the Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953.
* Frodsham, J. D., Sung-t ao Kuo, Hsi-hung Liu and Te-i Chang. The First Chinese Embassy to the West; the Journals of Kuo-Sung-T'ao, Liu Hsi-Hung and Chang Te-Yi. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.
* Gardella, Robert Paul. Harvesting Mountains : Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
* Li, Lillian M. China's Silk Trade : Traditional Industry in the Modern World, 1842-1937. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1981.
* Hao, Yen-p'ing. The Comprador in Nineteenth Century China: Bridge between East and West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. 有中译本
* Hs?anuel Chung-yueh. China's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Diplomatic Phase, 1858-1880. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.
* Hunt, Michael H. The Making of a Special Relationship : The United States and China to 1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
* Paine, S. C. M. Imperial Rivals : China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.
* Schrecker, John E. Imperialism and Chinese Nationalism; Germany in Shantung. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.
* Spence, Jonathan D. To Change China; Western Advisers in China, 1620-1960. Boston: Little Brown, 1969. 有中译本
* Teng, Ssu-yu and John King Fairbank. China's Response to the West; a Documentary Survey, 1839-1923. New York: Atheneum, 1954.
Missionaries
* Bays, Daniel H., ed. Christianity in China : From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Cohen, Paul A. China and Christianity; the Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism, 1860-1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.
* Fairbank, John King, ed. The Missionary Enterprise in China and America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.
* Hunter, Jane. The Gospel of Gentility : American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
* Spence, Jonathan D. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1985.有中译本
Peasant Rebellion and Collective Violence
* Chesneaux, Jean and Lucien Bianco. Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China, 1840-1950. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1972.
* Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys : The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 有中译本
* Esherick, Joseph. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. 有中译本
* Kuhn, Philip A. Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China, Militarization and Social Structure, 1796-1864. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970. 有中译本
* Michael, Franz H. The Taiping Rebellion; History and Documents. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966.
* Naquin, Susan. Millenarian Rebellion in China : The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
* Naquin, Susan. Shantung Rebellion : The Wang Lun Uprising of 1774. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. 有中译本
* Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980. 有中译本
* Spence, Jonathan D. God's Chinese Son : The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996. 有中译本
* Tan, Chester C. The Boxer Catastrophe. New York: Columbia University Press, 1955.
* Wagner, Rudolf G. Reenacting the Heavenly Vision : The Role of Religion in the Taiping Rebellion. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, 1982.
* Wakeman, Frederic E. and Carolyn Grant, ed. Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
* Weller, Robert P. Resistance, Chaos, and Control in China : Taiping Rebels, Taiwanese Ghosts, and Tiananmen. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994.
Facing the West: The State Response
* Chu, Samuel C. and Kwang-Ching Liu, ed. Li Hung-Chang and China's Early Modernization. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1994. 有中译本
* Kwong, Luke S. K. A Mosaic of the Hundred Days : Personalities, Politics, and Ideas of 1898. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1984.
* MacKinnon, Stephen R. Power and Politics in Late Imperial China : Yuan Shi-Kai in Beijing and Tianjin, 1901-1908. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
* Reynolds, Douglas Robertson. China, 1898-1912 : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1993. 有中译本
* Wright, Mary C. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'Ung-Chih Restoration, 1862-1874. New York: Atheneum, 1966.有中译本
Facing the West: The Intellectual Response
* Chang, Hao. Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971. 有中译本
* Chang, Hao. Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis : Search for Order and Meaning (1890-1911). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. 有中译本
* Howland, Douglas. Borders of Chinese Civilization : Geography and History at Empire's End. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
* Hsiao, Kung-ch'uan. A Modern China and a New World : K'Ang Yu-Wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1858-1927. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975. 有中译本
* Levenson, Joseph Richmond. Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. 有中译本
* Levenson, Joseph Richmond. Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. 有中译本
* Pusey, James Reeve. China and Charles Darwin. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1983.
* Schwartz, Benjamin I. In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964. 有中译本
* Wong, Young-tsu. Search for Modern Nationalism : Zhang Binglin and Revolutionary China, 1869-1936. Hong Kong ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
* Zarrow, Peter G. Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
* Kwok, Daniel W. Y. Scientism in Chinese Thought, 1900-1950. New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1971. 有中译本
* Reardon-Anderson, James. The Study of Change : Chemistry in China, 1840-1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
1911 Revolution
* Esherick, Joseph. Reform and Revolution in China : The 1911 Revolution in Hunan and Hubei. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
* Eto, Shinkichi and Harold Z. Schiffrin, ed. China's Republican Revolution. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1994.
* Friedman, Edward. Backward toward Revolution; the Chinese Revolutionary Party. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
* Liew, K. S. Struggle for Democracy; Sung Chiao-Jen and the 1911 Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
* Price, Don C. Russia and the Roots of the Chinese Revolution, 1896-1911. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974.
* Rankin, Mary B. Early Chinese Revolutionaries; Radical Intellectuals in Shanghai and Chekiang, 1902-1911. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.
* Rhoads, Edward J. M. China's Republican Revolution : The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975.
* Schiffrin, Harold Z. Sun Yat-Sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. 有中译本
* Wright, Mary, ed. China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle. Orphan Warriors : Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle. The Manchus. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1997.
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle. A Translucent Mirror : History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
* Dennerline, Jerry. The Chia-Ting Loyalists : Confucian Leadership and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
* Elliott, Mark C. The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.
* Leong, Sow-Theng, Tim Wright and G. William Skinner, ed. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997.
* Lipman, Jonathan Neaman. Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.
* Michael, Franz H. The Origin of Manchu Rule in China; Frontier and Bureaucracy as Interacting Forces in the Chinese Empire. New York: Octagon Books, 1965.
* Millward, James A. Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998.
* Oxnam, Robert B. Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661-1669. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
* Spence, Jonathan D. and John E. Wills, ed. From Ming to Ch'ing : Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
* Spence, Jonathan D. Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-Hsi Emperor : Bondservant and Master. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988. 有中译本
* Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of the Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.有中译本
Government
* Bartlett, Beatrice S. Monarchs and Ministers : The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723-1820. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
* Ch'?g.-tsu. Local Government in China under the Ch'ing. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962. 有中译本
* Dunstan, Helen. Conflicting Counsels to Confuse the Age : A Documentary Study of Political Economy in Qing China, 1644-1840. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan, 1996.
* Metzger, Thomas A. The Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy: Legal, Normative, and Communication Aspects. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.
* Watt, John R. The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
* Will, Pierre-Etienne. Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990. 有中译本
* Will, Pierre-Etienne, Roy Bin Wong and James Z. Lee. Nourish the People : The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan, 1991.
* Wu, Silas H. L. Communication and Imperial Control in China; Evolution of the Palace Memorial System, 1693-1735. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970.
* Zelin, Madeleine. The Magistrate's Tael : Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth-Century Ch'ing China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.有中译本
State and Society
* Benedict, Carol. Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Bernhardt, Katherine. Rents, Taxes, and Peasant Resistance : The Lower Yangzi Region, 1840-1950. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992.
* Grove, Linda and Christian Daniels, ed. State and Society in China : Japanese Perspectives on Ming-Qing Social and Economic History. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984.
* Ho, Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. 有中译本
* Hsiao, Kung-ch'uan. Rural China; Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960.
* Huang, Philip C. Civil Justice in China : Representation and Practice in the Qing. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Kuhn, Philip A. Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990. 有中译本
* Mann, Susan. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987.
* Min, Tu-gi, Philip A. Kuhn and Timothy Brook, ed. National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1989.
* Perdue, Peter C. Exhausting the Earth : State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500-1850. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1987.
* Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Making of a Hinterland : State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 1853-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. 有中译本
* Sommer, Matthew H. Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Economy
* Elvin, Mark. The Pattern of the Chinese Past. London: Eyre Methuen, 1973.
* Feuerwerker, Albert. The Chinese Economy, Ca. 1870-1911. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan, 1969.
* Gardella, Robert Paul. Harvesting Mountains : Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
* Hou, Chi-ming. Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China, 1840-1937. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
* Huang, Philip C. The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985. 有中译本
* Rawski, Thomas G. and Lillian M. Li, ed. Chinese History in Economic Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
* Wong, Roy Bin. China Transformed : Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. 有中译本
* Li, Lillian M. China's Silk Trade : Traditional Industry in the Modern World, 1842-1937. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1981.
* Leonard, Jane Kate and John R. Watt, ed. To Achieve Security and Wealth : The Qing Imperial State and the Economy, 1644-1911. Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program Cornell University, 1992.
* Marks, Robert B. Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt : Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
* Moulder, Frances V. Japan, China and the Modern World Economy : Towards a Reinterpretation of East Asian Development Ca. 1600-Ca. 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
* Myers, Ramon Hawley. The Chinese Economy, Past and Present. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1980. 有中译本
* Perkins, Dwight Heald and Kang Chao, ed. China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective : Sponsored by the Social Science Research Council. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975.
* Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Making of a Hinterland : State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 1853-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. 有中译本
* Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida. Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.
* Stockard, Janice E. Daughters of the Canton Delta : Marriage Patterns and Economic Strategies in South China, 1860-1930. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
* Willmott, William E., ed. Economic Organization in Chinese Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1972.
Elites
* Beattie, Hilary J. Land and Lineage in China : A Study of T'Ung-Ch'Eng County, Anhwei, in the Ming and Ch'ing Dynasties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
* Chang, Chung-li. The Chinese Gentry; Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955. 有中译本
* Chang, Chung-li. The Income of the Chinese Gentry. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962. 有中译本
* Esherick, Joseph and Mary B. Rankin, ed. Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
* Ho, Ping-ti. The Ladder of Success in Imperial China; Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
* Kuhn, Philip A. Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China, Militarization and Social Structure, 1796-1864. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970. 有中译本
* Meskill, Johanna Margarete Menzel. A Chinese Pioneer Family : The Lins of Wu-Feng, Taiwan, 1729-1895. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979.
* Polachek, James M. The Inner Opium War. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University, 1992.
* Rankin, Mary B. Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China : Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1986.
Scholarship and Culture
* Chow, Kai-wing. The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China : Ethics, Classics, and Lineage Discourse. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994.
* Elman, Benjamin A. From Philosophy to Philology : Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1984. 有中译本
* Elman, Benjamin A. Classicism, Politics, and Kinship : The Ch'Ang-Chou School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. 有中译本
* Keenan, Barry C. Imperial China's Last Classical Academies : Social Change in the Lower Yangzi, 1864-1911. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, 1994.
* Wilson, Thomas A. Genealogy of the Way : The Construction and Uses of the Confucian Tradition in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.
Urban Society
* Rowe, William T. Hankow : Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984. 有中译本
* Rowe, William T. Hankow : Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
* Rozman, Gilbert. Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.
* Skinner, G. William, ed. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1977.有中译本
Women and Family
* Bray, Francesca. Technology and Gender : Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
* Eastman, Lloyd E. Family, Fields, and Ancestors : Constancy and Change in China's Social and Economic History, 1550-1949. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
* Ko, Dorothy Teachers of the Inner Chambers : Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994. 有中译本
* Mann, Susan. Precious Records : Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997. 有中译本
* Sommer, Matthew H. Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.
* Spence, Jonathan D. The Death of Woman Wang. New York: Penguin Books, 1979. 有中译本
* Stockard, Janice E. Daughters of the Canton Delta : Marriage Patterns and Economic Strategies in South China, 1860-1930. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
Religion and Popular Culture
* Chesneaux, Jean, ed. Secret Societies in China in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971.
* Jordan, David K. Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors; the Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
* Martin, Emily and Arthur P. Wolf, ed. Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974.
* Naquin, Susan and Chun-fang Y? Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
* Nathan, Andrew J., Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, Judith A. Berling, and David G. Johnson, ed. Popular Culture in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
* Overmyer, Daniel L. Folk Buddhist Religion : Dissenting Sects in Late Traditional China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976.
* Shih, Yu-chung. The Taiping Ideology; Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967.
* Watson, James L. and Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, ed. Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
* Yang, C. K. Religion in Chinese Society; a Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.
Opium Wars
* Chang, Hsin-pao. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964. 有中译本
* Fay, Peter Ward. The Opium War, 1840-1842 : Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
* Polachek, James M. The Inner Opium War. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University, 1992.
* Wakeman, Frederic E. Strangers at the Gate; Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. 有中译本
* Waley, Arthur. The Opium War through Chinese Eyes. London: Allen & Unwin, 1958.
* Wong, J. Y. Deadly Dreams : Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Foreign Relations, Imperialism, and Trade
* Benedict, Carol. Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China. Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Eastman, Lloyd E. Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy During the Sino-French Controversy, 1880-1885. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
* Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast; the Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953.
* Frodsham, J. D., Sung-t ao Kuo, Hsi-hung Liu and Te-i Chang. The First Chinese Embassy to the West; the Journals of Kuo-Sung-T'ao, Liu Hsi-Hung and Chang Te-Yi. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.
* Gardella, Robert Paul. Harvesting Mountains : Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
* Li, Lillian M. China's Silk Trade : Traditional Industry in the Modern World, 1842-1937. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1981.
* Hao, Yen-p'ing. The Comprador in Nineteenth Century China: Bridge between East and West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. 有中译本
* Hs?anuel Chung-yueh. China's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Diplomatic Phase, 1858-1880. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.
* Hunt, Michael H. The Making of a Special Relationship : The United States and China to 1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
* Paine, S. C. M. Imperial Rivals : China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.
* Schrecker, John E. Imperialism and Chinese Nationalism; Germany in Shantung. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.
* Spence, Jonathan D. To Change China; Western Advisers in China, 1620-1960. Boston: Little Brown, 1969. 有中译本
* Teng, Ssu-yu and John King Fairbank. China's Response to the West; a Documentary Survey, 1839-1923. New York: Atheneum, 1954.
Missionaries
* Bays, Daniel H., ed. Christianity in China : From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
* Cohen, Paul A. China and Christianity; the Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism, 1860-1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.
* Fairbank, John King, ed. The Missionary Enterprise in China and America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.
* Hunter, Jane. The Gospel of Gentility : American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
* Spence, Jonathan D. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1985.有中译本
Peasant Rebellion and Collective Violence
* Chesneaux, Jean and Lucien Bianco. Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China, 1840-1950. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1972.
* Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys : The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 有中译本
* Esherick, Joseph. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. 有中译本
* Kuhn, Philip A. Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China, Militarization and Social Structure, 1796-1864. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970. 有中译本
* Michael, Franz H. The Taiping Rebellion; History and Documents. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966.
* Naquin, Susan. Millenarian Rebellion in China : The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
* Naquin, Susan. Shantung Rebellion : The Wang Lun Uprising of 1774. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. 有中译本
* Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980. 有中译本
* Spence, Jonathan D. God's Chinese Son : The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996. 有中译本
* Tan, Chester C. The Boxer Catastrophe. New York: Columbia University Press, 1955.
* Wagner, Rudolf G. Reenacting the Heavenly Vision : The Role of Religion in the Taiping Rebellion. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, 1982.
* Wakeman, Frederic E. and Carolyn Grant, ed. Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
* Weller, Robert P. Resistance, Chaos, and Control in China : Taiping Rebels, Taiwanese Ghosts, and Tiananmen. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994.
Facing the West: The State Response
* Chu, Samuel C. and Kwang-Ching Liu, ed. Li Hung-Chang and China's Early Modernization. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1994. 有中译本
* Kwong, Luke S. K. A Mosaic of the Hundred Days : Personalities, Politics, and Ideas of 1898. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1984.
* MacKinnon, Stephen R. Power and Politics in Late Imperial China : Yuan Shi-Kai in Beijing and Tianjin, 1901-1908. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
* Reynolds, Douglas Robertson. China, 1898-1912 : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1993. 有中译本
* Wright, Mary C. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'Ung-Chih Restoration, 1862-1874. New York: Atheneum, 1966.有中译本
Facing the West: The Intellectual Response
* Chang, Hao. Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971. 有中译本
* Chang, Hao. Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis : Search for Order and Meaning (1890-1911). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. 有中译本
* Howland, Douglas. Borders of Chinese Civilization : Geography and History at Empire's End. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
* Hsiao, Kung-ch'uan. A Modern China and a New World : K'Ang Yu-Wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1858-1927. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975. 有中译本
* Levenson, Joseph Richmond. Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. 有中译本
* Levenson, Joseph Richmond. Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. 有中译本
* Pusey, James Reeve. China and Charles Darwin. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1983.
* Schwartz, Benjamin I. In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964. 有中译本
* Wong, Young-tsu. Search for Modern Nationalism : Zhang Binglin and Revolutionary China, 1869-1936. Hong Kong ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
* Zarrow, Peter G. Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
* Kwok, Daniel W. Y. Scientism in Chinese Thought, 1900-1950. New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1971. 有中译本
* Reardon-Anderson, James. The Study of Change : Chemistry in China, 1840-1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
1911 Revolution
* Esherick, Joseph. Reform and Revolution in China : The 1911 Revolution in Hunan and Hubei. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
* Eto, Shinkichi and Harold Z. Schiffrin, ed. China's Republican Revolution. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1994.
* Friedman, Edward. Backward toward Revolution; the Chinese Revolutionary Party. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
* Liew, K. S. Struggle for Democracy; Sung Chiao-Jen and the 1911 Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
* Price, Don C. Russia and the Roots of the Chinese Revolution, 1896-1911. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974.
* Rankin, Mary B. Early Chinese Revolutionaries; Radical Intellectuals in Shanghai and Chekiang, 1902-1911. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.
* Rhoads, Edward J. M. China's Republican Revolution : The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975.
* Schiffrin, Harold Z. Sun Yat-Sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. 有中译本
* Wright, Mary, ed. China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968
eighteenth century China
1. Feuerwerker, Albert. State and Society in Eighteenth- Century China: The Ch’ing Empire in its Glory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 1976
2. Pierre-Étienne Will, Elborg Forster. Bureaucracy and famine in eighteenth-century China.
3. Susan Naquin and Evelyn S. Rawski. Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century
4. Philosophy, Philology, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century China: Li Fu and the Lu-Wang School under the Ch'ing
5. Janet M. Theiss. Disgraceful matters.
____. The scandals and values of China's 18th century society discussed
6. Compiled and Translated by Robert E. Hegel. True Crimes in Eighteenth-Century China
7. Iona Man-Cheong. The class of 1761.
8. Joanna Waley-Cohen, Gastronomy and Consumption in Eighteenth-Century China
9. Park, Nancy E. Corruption in eighteenth-century China
10. Thomas M. Buoye. Manslaughter, markets, and moral economy: violent disputes over property rights in eighteenth-century China
11. Contract and property in early modern China
12. Lococo,Paul, Jr.: “The Qing Empire”, David A. Graff and Robin Higham, eds. A Military History of China. Boulder, Coco.: Westview Press, 2002, pp.115—133.
13. Perdue, Peter C. “Where Do Incorrect Political Ideas Come From? Writing the History of the Qing Empire and the Chinese Nation, Fogel, Joshua A., et al. eds. The Teleology of the Modern Nation-State: Janpan and China. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, pp. 174—199.
14. Chinoiserie in the Eighteenth-Century: China, An Imaginary Empire
15. Rankin, Mary Backus. “Social and Plolitical Change in Nineteenth-Century China”, Merle Goldman and Andrew Gordon, eds. Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard university Press, 2000, pp.42—84.
16. Rowe, William T. “China and the World, 1500—1800”, Ainslie T. Embree and Carol Gluck, eds., Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1977, pp. 466--473
17. William T. Rowe, Saving the World: Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China，Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001
18. Spence, Jonathan D. “The K’ang-hsi Reign”, Williard J. Peterson, ed. The Cambridge History of China, Vol.9 Part One, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.120—182.
______ the treason of book
______ the death of women wang
19. Waley-Cohen, Joanna. “Changing Spaces of Empire in Eighteenth-Century Qing China”, Nicola Di Cosmo and Don J. Wyatt, eds. Political Frontiers, Ethics Boundaries, and Human Geographies in Chinese History. New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003, pp.324--350
_____ Waley-Cohen, Joanna. “The New Qing History”, Radical History Review, Issue 88, Winter 2004, pp.193—206.
20. Wills, John E. Jr. “Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang: Themes in Peripheral History”, Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills Jr., eds. From Ming to Ch’ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979, pp.201—238.
21.Woodside, Alexander. “The Chien-lung Reign”, Williard J. Peterson, ed. The Cambridge History of China, Vol.9 Part One, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.230—309.
22. Zelin, Madeline. “The Yung-cheng Reign”, Williard J. Peterson, ed. The Cambridge History of China, Vol.9 Part One, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.183—229.
23. Antony, Robert J. “Subcounty Officials, the State, and Local Communities in Guangdong Province, 1644—1860”, Robert J. Antony and Jane Kate Leonard, eds. Dragons, Tigers, and Dogs: Qing Crisis Management and the Boundaries of State Power in Late Imperial China. Ithaca, NY.: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 2002, pp.27—60
24. Bartlett, Beatrice S. “The Vermilion Brush: The Grand Council Communications System and Central Government Decision-Making in Mid-Ch’ing China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1980.
25. Bartlett, Beatrice S., Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch‘ing China, 1723-1820, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.
26.Ch’u, Tung-tsu. Local Government in China under the Ch’ing. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University; Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1988
27. Chang, Michael G. “A Court on Horseback: Constructing Manchu Ethno-Dynastic Rule in China, 1751—1784”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2001
28. Cheng, Weikun. “Politics of the Queue: Agination and Resistance in the Beginning and End of Qing China”, Alf Hiltebeitel and Babara D. Miller, eds., Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998, pp. 123—142
29. Dennerline, Jerry. “Hsu Tu and the Lesson of Nanking: Political Intergration and the Local Defense in Chiang-nan, 1634—1645”, Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills Jr., eds., From Ming to Ch’ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979, pp. 89—132.
30.Guy, R. Kent. “Imperial Powers and the Appointment of Provincial Governors in Ch’ing China”, Frederick P. Brandauer and Chun-chieh Huang, eds. Imperial Rulership and Cultural Change in Tradtional China. Seatle: University of Washington Press, 1994, pp. 248—280.
_______ . “Zhang Tingyu and Reconciliation :The Scholar and the State in the Early Qianlong Reign”, Late Imperial China, Vol.7, No.1, June 1986, pp.50—62.
31. Jones, Susan Mann. “Hung Liang-chi: The Perception and Articulation of Political Problems in Late Eighteenth Centriry China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1972
32. Kahn, Harold L. Monarchy in the Emperor’s eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch’ien-lung Reign. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press, 1971
33. Kuhn, Philip A. Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press, 1990
34. Leonard, Jane Kate. “A study of the Court Letter and the Canal”, American Asian Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, Summer 1987, pp. 63—97.
35. Lui, Adam Yuen-chung. “Corruption under the Early Ch’ing 1644—1722”, Aemrican Journal of Chinese Studies, Vol. 1, No.1, April 1992, pp.83—94.
36. Man-Cheong, Iona D. “The Class of 1761: The Politics of a Metropolitan Examination”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1991
______Man-Cheong, Iona D. “Fair Fraud and Fraudulent Fairness: The 1761 Examination Case”, Late Imperial China, Vol. 18, No. 2, December 1997, 99. 51—85.
37. Reed, Bradly W. Talons and Teeth: County Clerks and Runners in the Qing Dynasty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000
Reed, Bradly W. “Money and Justice: Clerks, Runners, and the Magistrate’s Court in Late Imperial Sichuan”, Modern China, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 1995, pp. 345—382.
38. Shiue,Carol H. “The Plotical Economy of Famine Relief in China, 1740—1820”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol 36, No. 11, Summer 2005, pp. 33—55.
96、Will, Pierre-Etienne. Bureacracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1990
魏丕信：《18世纪中国之官僚制度与荒政》，斯坦福大学出版社，1990年
Will, Pierre-Etienne, R. Bin Wong. Nourish the People: The State Cililian Granary System in China, 1659—1850. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1991
魏丕信、王国斌：《养民：1659—1850年中国之仓储制度》，安阿伯：密歇根大学中国研究中心，1991年
【按】魏丕信（Will, Pierre-Etienne）：生于1944年，法国著名汉学家。1975年获巴黎大学博士学位，1969年入法国国家高等社会科学研究院任教至今， 1991年当选法兰西学院院士。研究范围遍及人口史、灾害史、水利史、荒政史、明清国家与经济的关系、明清官僚制度等。
王国斌（R. Bin Wong）：加州大学尔湾分校历史学教授。1983年毕业于哈佛大学，获博士学位。著有《转变中国：历史变化和欧洲经验之局限》（China Transformcd：ttistorical Change And The Limits of European Experience，1997年）、《清代中国食物供应的政治经济学》(The Po- litical Economy of Food Supplies in Qing China)、《在中国和西欧为生存而发生的骚乱》等。
97、Wright, Mary Clabaugh. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The Tung-Chih Restoration, 1862—1874. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1972
芮玛丽：《同治中兴：中国保守主义的最后抵抗（1862—1874）》，斯坦福大学出版社，1972年
98、Wu, Silas H. L. Passage to Pwer: K’ang-hsi and His Heir Apparent, 1661—1722. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press, 1979
吴秀良：《康熙朝储位斗争纪实》，哈佛大学出版社，1979年
99、Yoon, Seungjoo. “The Formation, Reformation and Transformation of Zhang Zhidong’s Document Commisioners, 1885—1909”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1999
尹圣柱：《张之洞幕僚之形成、革新与转型：1885—1909》，哈佛大学博士论文，1999年
100、Anderson, David L. “Anson Burlingame: American Architect of the Cooperative Policy in China”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 1, No. 3, Summer 1977, PP. 239—255.
戴维•安德森：《蒲安臣：中美合作政策之设计师》，《外交史学》，第一卷第三号，1977年夏，第239-255页
Anderson, David L. Imperialism and Idealism: American Diplomats in China, 1861—1898. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985
戴维•安德森：《帝国主义与理想主义：1861—1898年美国在华之外交官》，布鲁明顿：印第安纳大学出版社，1995年
101、Cameron, Nigel. The Face of China as Seen by Photographers & Travelers, 1860—1912. Millerton, N. Y.: Aperture, 1978
奈杰尔•卡梅隆：《摄影师与旅行者眼中之中国面貌：1860—1912》，纽约：Aperture公司， 1978年
102、Hevia, James L. “Guest Ritual and Interdominal Relations in the Late Qing”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1986
何伟亚：《晚清之宾礼与各领土间关系》，芝加哥大学博士论文，1986年
Hevia, James L. Cherishing Men From Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1973. Durham, NC.: Duke University Press, 1995
何伟亚：《怀柔远人：马戛尔尼使华与中英利益冲突》，北卡罗来纳州达拉谟：杜克大学出版社，1995年
103、Smith, Richard J. Barbarian Officers of Imperial China: Ward, Gordon and the Taiping Rebellion. Davis: University of Canifornia Press, 1972
司马富：《中华帝国之洋军官：华尔、戈登与太平天国起义》，戴维斯：加州大学出版社，1972年
Smith, Richard J. Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever-Victorous Army in Nineteenth Century China. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978
司马富：《雇佣兵与清朝官员：19世纪中国之常胜军》，纽约：KTO出版社，1978年
104、Thomson, H. C. China and the Powers: A Narrative of the Outbreak of 1900. Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1981, Repr. of 1902
汤姆森：《中国与列强：庚子记事》，康涅狄格州：Hyperion出版社，1981年
105、Basu Dilip K. “Asian Merchants and Western Trade: A Comprarative Study of Calcutta and Canton, 1800—1840”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Calfornia, Berkeley, 1975
德里普•巴苏：《亚洲商人与西方贸易：1800—1840年加尔各答与广东之比较研究》，加州大学伯克利分校博士论文，1975年
106、Ch’en, Ch’iu-K’un. “Landlord and Tenant: Varieties of Land Tenure in Frontier Taiwan, 1680—1900”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1987
陈秋坤：《地主于佃农：1680—1900年台湾形式多样之地租》，斯坦福大学博士论文，1987年
107、Chan, Wellington K. K. Merchants, Mandarins, and Modern Enterprise in Late Ch’ing China. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1977
陈锦江：《晚清之中国商人、官吏与现代企业》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究中心， 977年
108、Golas, Peter J. “Early Ch’ing Guilds”, G. William Skinner, ed. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 555—580.
彼得•格拉斯：《清初之行会》，施坚雅主编：《中华帝国晚期之城市》，斯坦福大学出版社，1977年第555—580页
109、Huang, Philip C. C. The Peasant Economy and Socxial Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1985
黄宗智：《华北之小农经济与社会变迁》，斯坦福大学出版社，1985年
Huang, Philip C. C. The peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350—1988, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990
黄宗智：《长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展（1350—1988）》，斯坦福大学出版社，1990年
【按】黄宗智（Huang, Philip C. C.）：普林斯顿大学学士，华盛顿大学博士。加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶校区历史系教授。主要著作有：《法律、习俗、与司法实践：清代与民国的比较》、《清代的法律、社会、与文化：民法的表达与实践》、《中国研究的规范认识危机》、《长江三角洲的小农家庭与乡村发展》、《华北之小农经济与社会变迁》等。
110、Jones, Susan Mann. “Merchant Investment, Commercialization, and Social Change in the Ningpo Area”, Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker, eds. Reform in Nineteenth Century China. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1976, pp.41—48.
曼素恩：《宁波地区之商人资本、商业化与社会变迁》，柯文、石约翰主编《19世纪之中国改革》，哈佛大学东亚研究中心，1976年，第41—48页
Jones, Susan Mann. “The Ningpo Pang and Financial Power at Shanghai”, Mark Elvin and G. William Skinner, eds. The Chinese City between Two Worlds. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp. 73—96.
曼素恩：《上海宁波帮之金融势力》，伊懋可、施坚雅主编《两世界间之中国城市》，斯坦福大学出版社，1974年，第73—96页
Jones, Susan Mann. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucraqcy, 1750—1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987
曼素恩：《地方商人与官僚政府（1750--1950）》，斯坦福大学出版社，1987年
111、Li, Lillian M. “Kiangnan and the Silk Export Trade, 1842—1937”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1975
李明珠：《1842—1937年江南之丝绸出口贸易》，哈佛大学博士论文，1975年
112、Morrell, James R. “Origins of the Cotton Textile Industry in China, 1865—1915”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1989
詹姆斯•莫瑞尔：《中国棉纺业之起源（1865—1915）》，哈佛大学博士论文，1989年
113、Pan, Ming-te, “Rurual Credit Market and the Peasant Economy, 1600—1949: The State, Elite, Peasant and Usury”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 1994
潘敏德：《农村信用市场与农民经济：国家、士绅、农民与高利贷（1600—1949）》，加州大学埃文分校博士论文，1994年
114、Pomerranz, Kenneth L. “The Making of A Hinterland: State, Society and Economy in Inland North China, 1900—1937”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University,1988
彭慕兰：《腹地之构建：1900—1937年华北内地之国家、社会与经济》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1988年
Pomerranz, Kenneth L. “The Making of A Hinterland: State, Society and Economy in Inland North China, 1853—1937”, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993
彭慕兰：《腹地之构建：1853—1937年华北内地之国家、社会与经济》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，1993年
Pomerranz, Kenneth L. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000
彭慕兰：《 大分流：欧洲、中国及现代世界经济的发展》，普林斯顿大学出版社，2000年
【按】彭慕兰（Pomerranz, Kenneth L.）：于1988年获耶鲁大学博士学位，现为加州大学尔湾分校历史系教授，兼任历史系主任。
115、Evelyn S. Rawski. Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press,1972
罗友枝：《中国南方之农业变迁与农民经济》，麻省：哈佛大学出版社，1972年
116、Shiue, Carol H. “Grain Trade and Storage in Late Imperial China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1999
薛华：《中华帝国晚期之粮食贸易与存储》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1999年
117、Shuman, Anna Ping l. “Copper, Copper Cash, and Government Controls in Ch’ing China, 1644—1795”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 1989
梁士平：《清朝之铜、铜钱与政府控制（1644—1795）》，马里兰大学大学园分校博士论文，1989年
118、Tsai, Jung-fang, “Comprador Ideologists in Modern China: Ho Kai (Ho Ch’i, 1859--1914) and Hu Li-yuan (1847--1916)”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angles, 1975
蔡荣方：《近代中国之买办：何启与胡利垣》，加州大学洛杉矶分校博士论文，1975年
【按】蔡荣方（Tsai, Jung-fang）：1936年生于台湾，1975年获得加州大学洛杉矶分校博士，现任南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿大学历史系教授。主要著作有：Hong Kong in Chinese History: Community and Social Unrest in the British Colony， 1842-1913(New York: Columbia University Press，1993; paper back edition 1995)与《香港人之香港史1841-1945》。
119、Wang, Yeh-chien, Land Taxation in Imperial China, 1750—1911. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press,1974
王业键：《中华帝国之田赋：1750—1911》，麻省：哈佛大学出版社，1974年
【按】王业键（Wang, Yeh-chien）：1969年获哈佛大学博士学位，毕业后任职于俄亥俄州肯特大学历史系。主要著作有：The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9, Part one: The Ch’ing Empire to 1800 “Economic Development, 1644-1800” (Co-with Ramon H. Myers) Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2002. An Estimate of the Land Tax Collection in China, 1753 and 1908, Cambridge, East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1973.
120、Yi, li. “The Bureau that Invites Merchants: An Examination of the Bureaucaratic Characteristics of the China Merchants’ Navigation Company, 1864—1883”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washton, 1993
易立：《招商局：中国轮船招商局之官僚特征分析（1864—1883）》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1993年
121、Yang, Jeou Yi Aileen. “The Muddle of Salt: The State and Merchants in Late Imperial China, 1644—1911”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1996
杨久谊：《盐政之混乱：中华帝国晚期之国家与商人（1644—1911）》，哈佛大学博士论文，1996年
122、Yang, Phil Seung. “The Peasant of Suzhou, 1863—1945: Family Farms in Agrarian China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angles, 1988
梁必承：《苏州农民，1863—1945：农耕中国之小农家庭》，加州大学洛杉矶分校博士论文，1988年
123、Zelin, Madeleine. “Huo-hao Kuei-kung: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform and Its Limitations in Eighteenth Century China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1979
曾小萍：《火耗归公：18世纪中国财政改革及其局限》，加州大学伯克利分校博士论文，1979年
Zelin, Madeleine. The Magistrate’s Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth-Century Ch’ing China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984
曾小萍：《州县官的银两：18世纪中国的合理化财政改革》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，1984年
Zelin, Madeleine. The Merchants of Zigong: Industrial Enterpreneurship in Early Modern China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005
曾小萍：《自贡商人：近代中国早期的企业家》，纽约：哥伦比亚大学出版社，2005年
124、Atwill, David G. “Rebellion South of the Clouds: Ethnic Insurgency, Muslim Yunanese, and the Panthay Rebellion”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1990
龙戴维：《南方叛乱：民族动乱、云南之回族与叛乱》，夏威夷大学博士论文，1990年
Atwill, David G. The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856—1873, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005
龙戴维：《中国的苏丹：伊斯兰、族性认同与西南回民起义（1856—1873）》，斯坦福大学出版社，2005年
125、Benite, Zui Ben-Dor. The Dao of Muhamad: A Cultural History of Muslims in Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2005
兹维•本•多：《穆罕默德之道：中华帝国晚期之穆斯林文化史》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究中心，2005年
126、Chase, Hanson. “The Status of the Manchu Language in the Early Ch’ing”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1971”
汉森•施兹：《清初满语之地位》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1971年
127、Crossley, Pamela Kyle. “Historical and Magic Unity: The Real and Ideal Clan in Manchu Identity”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1983
柯娇燕：《神话与历史的统一：理想与现实中之满洲族性认同》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1983年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999
柯娇燕：《历史的透镜：清帝国意识形态中的历史与族性认同》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，1999年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle. Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990
柯娇燕：《孤军：晚清最后三代满洲人与清帝国之灭亡》，普林斯顿大学出版社，1990年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle. The Manchus, Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1997
柯娇燕：《满洲人》，麻省：Blackwell出版公司，1997年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Evelyn S. Rawski. “A Profile of the Manchu Language in Ch’ing History”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 53, No. 1, June 1993.
柯娇燕、罗友枝：《满语在清史研究中之作用》，《哈佛亚洲研究学报》第五十三卷第一号，1993年6月
128、Elliott, Mark C. “Resident Aliens: The Manchu Experience in China, 1644—1760”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1993
欧立德：《外来居民：满洲人在中国之经历（1644—1760）》，加州大学伯克利分校博士论文，1993年
Mark C．Elliott．The Manchu Way：The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in late lmperial China，Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001
欧立德：《满洲之道：八旗制度与清代的民族认同》，斯坦福大学出版社，2001年
129、Ho,Ping-ti. “In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski’s Reenvision the Qing”, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 57, No. 1, February 1998, pp. 123—155.
何炳棣：《捍卫汉化理论：对罗友枝“再观清代”一文的反驳》，《亚洲研究杂志》，第五十七卷第一号，第123—155页
130、Kam, Tak Sing. “Manchu-Tibetan Relations in the Ealy Seventeenth-Century: A Repraisal”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1994
甘德星：《重估17世纪早期之满藏关系》，哈佛大学博士论文，1994年
131、Li, Gertraude R. Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2000
陆西华：《满语基础教程》，檀香山：夏威夷大学出版社，2000年
132、Shao, Dan. “Ethnicity in Empire and Nation: Manchus, Manzhouguo, and Manchuria, 1911—1952”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2002
邵丹：《帝国与国家民族性：满人、满洲国与满洲（1911—1952）》，加州大学圣芭芭拉分校博士论文，2002年
133、Chia, Ning: “The Li-fan Yuan in the Early Ch’ing Dynasty”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The John Hopkins University,1992
贾宁：《清初之理藩院》，约翰•霍普金斯大学博士论文，1992年
134、Dai, Yingcong. “The Rose of the South-western Frontier under the Qing, 1640—1800”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1996
戴英聪：《清朝西南边疆之崛起：1640—1800》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1996年
135、Waley-Cohen, Johnna. “The Stranger Paths of Banishment: Exile to Xinjiang Frontier in Mid-Qing China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1987
卫周安：《陌生人的流放之路：清朝中期之发配新疆》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1987年
136、Foret, Philippe. “Making An Imperial Landsacape in Chengde, Jehol: The Manchu Landscape Wnterprise”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1992
菲利普•弗雷特：《热河承德之皇家园林：满洲造园工程》，芝加哥大学博士论文，1992年
13、Meyer-Fong, Tobie. “Site and Sentiment: Building Culture in Seventeenth-Century Yangzhou”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1998
梅尔清：《景点与情感：17世纪扬州之文化建构》，斯坦福大学博士论文，1998年
【按】梅尔清（Tobie Meyer－Fong），1989年毕业于耶鲁大学，1998年获斯坦福大学博士学位。现为美国约翰•霍普金斯大学副教授。曾在南京大学历史系做高级进修生，在东京大学东洋文化研究所和中国社会科学院文学研究所做访问学者。
138、Dale, Melissa S. ‘With the Cut of a Knife: A Social History of Eunuchs during the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911) and Republican Periods (1912—1949)”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2000
戴懿华：《手起刀落：清朝与民国时期之太监社会史》，乔治登大学博士论文，2000年
139、Elman, Benjamin A. A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000
艾尔曼：《中华帝国晚期之科举文化史》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，2000年
140、Hansson, Harry A. “Regional Outcast Group in Late Imperial China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1988
哈里•汉森：《中华帝国晚期之地方贱民》，哈佛大学博士论文，1988年
141、Hazelton, Keith D. “Lineages and Local Elites in Hui-Chou, 1500—1800”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1984
贺杰：《徽州宗族与地方士绅：1500—1800》，普林斯顿大学博士论文，1984年
142、Perdue, Peter C. Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500—1850. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1984
濮德培：《耗尽土地：湖南政府与农民（1500—1850）》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究委员会，1984年
143、Bernhardt, Kathryn. Women and Property in China:960—1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999
白凯：《中国的妇女与财产：960—1949》，斯坦福大学出版社，1999年
【按】白凯（Kathryn Bernhardt），1984年美国斯坦福大学历史系博士，现为加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶校区历史系教授，并与黄宗智共任《近代中国》（Moden China）学刊主编。研究领域为明清以来社会经济史，法律史以及妇女史。除了《中国的妇女与财产：960-1949》之外，主要著作有《长江下游地区地租、赋税与农民反抗斗争：1840-1950》（斯坦福大学出版社，1992年）和《清代和民国时期之中国民法》（与黄宗智合编，斯坦福大学出版社， 1994年）。
144、Conner,Alison W. “The Law of Evidence during the Ch’ing Dynasty”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1979
康雅信：《清代法律之证据》，康奈尔大学博士论文，1979年
145、Groneworld, Sue. Beautiful Merchandise: Prodtitution in China, 1860—1936. N.Y.: Harrington Park Press, 1985, Orig. pub. 1982
顾璇：《中国娼妓：1860—1936》，纽约：Harrington Park出版社，1985年
146、Brokaw, Cynthia J. “Determining One’s Own Fate: The Ledgers of Merit and Demerit in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1984
包筠雅:《决定自己的命运：16—17世纪中国之功过格》，哈佛大学博士论文，1984年
147、Atkinson, Alan G. “New Songs for Old Tunes: The Life and Art of Wang Duo”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Kansas, 1997
阿兰•阿特金森：《按旧曲度新声：王铎之生平与艺术》，堪萨斯大学博士论文，1997年
158、Benedict, Carol. “Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth Century China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1992
班凯乐：《19世纪中国之鼠疫》，斯坦福大学博士论文，1992年
149、Dikotter, Frank. Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects, and Eugenics in China. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1998
冯客：《不完美的概念：中国医学知识、先天疾病与优生学》，哥伦比亚大学出版社，1998年
Dikotter, Frank. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991
冯客：《近代中国之种族观念》，斯坦福大学出版社，1991年
150、Ng, On-cho. “Text in Context: Chinwen Learning in Ch’ing Thought”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1986
伍安祖：《今文经学与清代思想》，夏威夷大学博士论文，1986年
151、Edwards, Louise. Men and Women in Qing China: Gender in the Red Chamber Dream. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2001
爱德华兹•刘易斯：《清代中国之男女：＜红楼梦＞中之性别》，夏威夷大学出版社，2001年
152、Huang, Martin W. Desire and Fictional Narrative in Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001
黄卫总：《中华帝国晚期之欲望与文学叙述》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究中心，2001年
153、West, Andrew Christopher. “Quset for the Urtext: The Textual Archaeology of The Three Kingdoms”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1993
魏安：《追求其原文：＜三国演义＞文本考证》，普林斯顿大学博士论文，1993年
154、Soresen, Randolph J. “Waterways and the Sate in Imperial China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1985
伦道夫•索伦森：《中华帝国之水路与国家》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1985年
155、Zhang, jiayan. “Environmental Change, Economic Growth, and Peasant Behavior: The Agriculture of the Jianghan Plain, 1644—1949”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angles, 2004
张家炎：《环境变迁、经济发展和农民行为：江汉平原农业史（1644—1949）》，加州大学洛杉矶分校博士论文，2004年
156、Menzies, Nicholas K. Forest and Land Management in Imperial China. N. Y.: St. Martin’s Press, 1994
孟泽思：《中华帝国时期之森林与土地管理》，纽约：圣马丁出版社，1994年
157、Yan, Shoucheng. “Coherence and Contradiuction in the Worldview of Wang Fuzhi (1619—1692)”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1994
严寿澄：《王夫之世界观的一致与矛盾》，印第安纳大学博士论文，1994年
158、Xiao, Xiaosui. “China Encounters Weatern Indeas (1895—1905): A Rhetorical Analysis of Yan Fu, Tan Sitong, and Liang Qichao”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The Ohio University, 1992
2. Pierre-Étienne Will, Elborg Forster. Bureaucracy and famine in eighteenth-century China.
3. Susan Naquin and Evelyn S. Rawski. Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century
4. Philosophy, Philology, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century China: Li Fu and the Lu-Wang School under the Ch'ing
5. Janet M. Theiss. Disgraceful matters.
____. The scandals and values of China's 18th century society discussed
6. Compiled and Translated by Robert E. Hegel. True Crimes in Eighteenth-Century China
7. Iona Man-Cheong. The class of 1761.
8. Joanna Waley-Cohen, Gastronomy and Consumption in Eighteenth-Century China
9. Park, Nancy E. Corruption in eighteenth-century China
10. Thomas M. Buoye. Manslaughter, markets, and moral economy: violent disputes over property rights in eighteenth-century China
11. Contract and property in early modern China
12. Lococo,Paul, Jr.: “The Qing Empire”, David A. Graff and Robin Higham, eds. A Military History of China. Boulder, Coco.: Westview Press, 2002, pp.115—133.
13. Perdue, Peter C. “Where Do Incorrect Political Ideas Come From? Writing the History of the Qing Empire and the Chinese Nation, Fogel, Joshua A., et al. eds. The Teleology of the Modern Nation-State: Janpan and China. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, pp. 174—199.
14. Chinoiserie in the Eighteenth-Century: China, An Imaginary Empire
15. Rankin, Mary Backus. “Social and Plolitical Change in Nineteenth-Century China”, Merle Goldman and Andrew Gordon, eds. Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard university Press, 2000, pp.42—84.
16. Rowe, William T. “China and the World, 1500—1800”, Ainslie T. Embree and Carol Gluck, eds., Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1977, pp. 466--473
17. William T. Rowe, Saving the World: Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China，Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001
18. Spence, Jonathan D. “The K’ang-hsi Reign”, Williard J. Peterson, ed. The Cambridge History of China, Vol.9 Part One, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.120—182.
______ the treason of book
______ the death of women wang
19. Waley-Cohen, Joanna. “Changing Spaces of Empire in Eighteenth-Century Qing China”, Nicola Di Cosmo and Don J. Wyatt, eds. Political Frontiers, Ethics Boundaries, and Human Geographies in Chinese History. New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003, pp.324--350
_____ Waley-Cohen, Joanna. “The New Qing History”, Radical History Review, Issue 88, Winter 2004, pp.193—206.
20. Wills, John E. Jr. “Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang: Themes in Peripheral History”, Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills Jr., eds. From Ming to Ch’ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979, pp.201—238.
21.Woodside, Alexander. “The Chien-lung Reign”, Williard J. Peterson, ed. The Cambridge History of China, Vol.9 Part One, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.230—309.
22. Zelin, Madeline. “The Yung-cheng Reign”, Williard J. Peterson, ed. The Cambridge History of China, Vol.9 Part One, The Ch’ing Dynasty to 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.183—229.
23. Antony, Robert J. “Subcounty Officials, the State, and Local Communities in Guangdong Province, 1644—1860”, Robert J. Antony and Jane Kate Leonard, eds. Dragons, Tigers, and Dogs: Qing Crisis Management and the Boundaries of State Power in Late Imperial China. Ithaca, NY.: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 2002, pp.27—60
24. Bartlett, Beatrice S. “The Vermilion Brush: The Grand Council Communications System and Central Government Decision-Making in Mid-Ch’ing China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1980.
25. Bartlett, Beatrice S., Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch‘ing China, 1723-1820, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.
26.Ch’u, Tung-tsu. Local Government in China under the Ch’ing. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University; Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1988
27. Chang, Michael G. “A Court on Horseback: Constructing Manchu Ethno-Dynastic Rule in China, 1751—1784”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2001
28. Cheng, Weikun. “Politics of the Queue: Agination and Resistance in the Beginning and End of Qing China”, Alf Hiltebeitel and Babara D. Miller, eds., Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998, pp. 123—142
29. Dennerline, Jerry. “Hsu Tu and the Lesson of Nanking: Political Intergration and the Local Defense in Chiang-nan, 1634—1645”, Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills Jr., eds., From Ming to Ch’ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979, pp. 89—132.
30.Guy, R. Kent. “Imperial Powers and the Appointment of Provincial Governors in Ch’ing China”, Frederick P. Brandauer and Chun-chieh Huang, eds. Imperial Rulership and Cultural Change in Tradtional China. Seatle: University of Washington Press, 1994, pp. 248—280.
_______ . “Zhang Tingyu and Reconciliation :The Scholar and the State in the Early Qianlong Reign”, Late Imperial China, Vol.7, No.1, June 1986, pp.50—62.
31. Jones, Susan Mann. “Hung Liang-chi: The Perception and Articulation of Political Problems in Late Eighteenth Centriry China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1972
32. Kahn, Harold L. Monarchy in the Emperor’s eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch’ien-lung Reign. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press, 1971
33. Kuhn, Philip A. Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press, 1990
34. Leonard, Jane Kate. “A study of the Court Letter and the Canal”, American Asian Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, Summer 1987, pp. 63—97.
35. Lui, Adam Yuen-chung. “Corruption under the Early Ch’ing 1644—1722”, Aemrican Journal of Chinese Studies, Vol. 1, No.1, April 1992, pp.83—94.
36. Man-Cheong, Iona D. “The Class of 1761: The Politics of a Metropolitan Examination”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1991
______Man-Cheong, Iona D. “Fair Fraud and Fraudulent Fairness: The 1761 Examination Case”, Late Imperial China, Vol. 18, No. 2, December 1997, 99. 51—85.
37. Reed, Bradly W. Talons and Teeth: County Clerks and Runners in the Qing Dynasty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000
Reed, Bradly W. “Money and Justice: Clerks, Runners, and the Magistrate’s Court in Late Imperial Sichuan”, Modern China, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 1995, pp. 345—382.
38. Shiue,Carol H. “The Plotical Economy of Famine Relief in China, 1740—1820”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol 36, No. 11, Summer 2005, pp. 33—55.
96、Will, Pierre-Etienne. Bureacracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1990
魏丕信：《18世纪中国之官僚制度与荒政》，斯坦福大学出版社，1990年
Will, Pierre-Etienne, R. Bin Wong. Nourish the People: The State Cililian Granary System in China, 1659—1850. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1991
魏丕信、王国斌：《养民：1659—1850年中国之仓储制度》，安阿伯：密歇根大学中国研究中心，1991年
【按】魏丕信（Will, Pierre-Etienne）：生于1944年，法国著名汉学家。1975年获巴黎大学博士学位，1969年入法国国家高等社会科学研究院任教至今， 1991年当选法兰西学院院士。研究范围遍及人口史、灾害史、水利史、荒政史、明清国家与经济的关系、明清官僚制度等。
王国斌（R. Bin Wong）：加州大学尔湾分校历史学教授。1983年毕业于哈佛大学，获博士学位。著有《转变中国：历史变化和欧洲经验之局限》（China Transformcd：ttistorical Change And The Limits of European Experience，1997年）、《清代中国食物供应的政治经济学》(The Po- litical Economy of Food Supplies in Qing China)、《在中国和西欧为生存而发生的骚乱》等。
97、Wright, Mary Clabaugh. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The Tung-Chih Restoration, 1862—1874. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1972
芮玛丽：《同治中兴：中国保守主义的最后抵抗（1862—1874）》，斯坦福大学出版社，1972年
98、Wu, Silas H. L. Passage to Pwer: K’ang-hsi and His Heir Apparent, 1661—1722. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press, 1979
吴秀良：《康熙朝储位斗争纪实》，哈佛大学出版社，1979年
99、Yoon, Seungjoo. “The Formation, Reformation and Transformation of Zhang Zhidong’s Document Commisioners, 1885—1909”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1999
尹圣柱：《张之洞幕僚之形成、革新与转型：1885—1909》，哈佛大学博士论文，1999年
100、Anderson, David L. “Anson Burlingame: American Architect of the Cooperative Policy in China”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 1, No. 3, Summer 1977, PP. 239—255.
戴维•安德森：《蒲安臣：中美合作政策之设计师》，《外交史学》，第一卷第三号，1977年夏，第239-255页
Anderson, David L. Imperialism and Idealism: American Diplomats in China, 1861—1898. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985
戴维•安德森：《帝国主义与理想主义：1861—1898年美国在华之外交官》，布鲁明顿：印第安纳大学出版社，1995年
101、Cameron, Nigel. The Face of China as Seen by Photographers & Travelers, 1860—1912. Millerton, N. Y.: Aperture, 1978
奈杰尔•卡梅隆：《摄影师与旅行者眼中之中国面貌：1860—1912》，纽约：Aperture公司， 1978年
102、Hevia, James L. “Guest Ritual and Interdominal Relations in the Late Qing”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1986
何伟亚：《晚清之宾礼与各领土间关系》，芝加哥大学博士论文，1986年
Hevia, James L. Cherishing Men From Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1973. Durham, NC.: Duke University Press, 1995
何伟亚：《怀柔远人：马戛尔尼使华与中英利益冲突》，北卡罗来纳州达拉谟：杜克大学出版社，1995年
103、Smith, Richard J. Barbarian Officers of Imperial China: Ward, Gordon and the Taiping Rebellion. Davis: University of Canifornia Press, 1972
司马富：《中华帝国之洋军官：华尔、戈登与太平天国起义》，戴维斯：加州大学出版社，1972年
Smith, Richard J. Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever-Victorous Army in Nineteenth Century China. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978
司马富：《雇佣兵与清朝官员：19世纪中国之常胜军》，纽约：KTO出版社，1978年
104、Thomson, H. C. China and the Powers: A Narrative of the Outbreak of 1900. Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1981, Repr. of 1902
汤姆森：《中国与列强：庚子记事》，康涅狄格州：Hyperion出版社，1981年
105、Basu Dilip K. “Asian Merchants and Western Trade: A Comprarative Study of Calcutta and Canton, 1800—1840”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Calfornia, Berkeley, 1975
德里普•巴苏：《亚洲商人与西方贸易：1800—1840年加尔各答与广东之比较研究》，加州大学伯克利分校博士论文，1975年
106、Ch’en, Ch’iu-K’un. “Landlord and Tenant: Varieties of Land Tenure in Frontier Taiwan, 1680—1900”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1987
陈秋坤：《地主于佃农：1680—1900年台湾形式多样之地租》，斯坦福大学博士论文，1987年
107、Chan, Wellington K. K. Merchants, Mandarins, and Modern Enterprise in Late Ch’ing China. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1977
陈锦江：《晚清之中国商人、官吏与现代企业》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究中心， 977年
108、Golas, Peter J. “Early Ch’ing Guilds”, G. William Skinner, ed. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 555—580.
彼得•格拉斯：《清初之行会》，施坚雅主编：《中华帝国晚期之城市》，斯坦福大学出版社，1977年第555—580页
109、Huang, Philip C. C. The Peasant Economy and Socxial Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1985
黄宗智：《华北之小农经济与社会变迁》，斯坦福大学出版社，1985年
Huang, Philip C. C. The peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350—1988, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990
黄宗智：《长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展（1350—1988）》，斯坦福大学出版社，1990年
【按】黄宗智（Huang, Philip C. C.）：普林斯顿大学学士，华盛顿大学博士。加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶校区历史系教授。主要著作有：《法律、习俗、与司法实践：清代与民国的比较》、《清代的法律、社会、与文化：民法的表达与实践》、《中国研究的规范认识危机》、《长江三角洲的小农家庭与乡村发展》、《华北之小农经济与社会变迁》等。
110、Jones, Susan Mann. “Merchant Investment, Commercialization, and Social Change in the Ningpo Area”, Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker, eds. Reform in Nineteenth Century China. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1976, pp.41—48.
曼素恩：《宁波地区之商人资本、商业化与社会变迁》，柯文、石约翰主编《19世纪之中国改革》，哈佛大学东亚研究中心，1976年，第41—48页
Jones, Susan Mann. “The Ningpo Pang and Financial Power at Shanghai”, Mark Elvin and G. William Skinner, eds. The Chinese City between Two Worlds. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp. 73—96.
曼素恩：《上海宁波帮之金融势力》，伊懋可、施坚雅主编《两世界间之中国城市》，斯坦福大学出版社，1974年，第73—96页
Jones, Susan Mann. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucraqcy, 1750—1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987
曼素恩：《地方商人与官僚政府（1750--1950）》，斯坦福大学出版社，1987年
111、Li, Lillian M. “Kiangnan and the Silk Export Trade, 1842—1937”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1975
李明珠：《1842—1937年江南之丝绸出口贸易》，哈佛大学博士论文，1975年
112、Morrell, James R. “Origins of the Cotton Textile Industry in China, 1865—1915”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1989
詹姆斯•莫瑞尔：《中国棉纺业之起源（1865—1915）》，哈佛大学博士论文，1989年
113、Pan, Ming-te, “Rurual Credit Market and the Peasant Economy, 1600—1949: The State, Elite, Peasant and Usury”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 1994
潘敏德：《农村信用市场与农民经济：国家、士绅、农民与高利贷（1600—1949）》，加州大学埃文分校博士论文，1994年
114、Pomerranz, Kenneth L. “The Making of A Hinterland: State, Society and Economy in Inland North China, 1900—1937”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University,1988
彭慕兰：《腹地之构建：1900—1937年华北内地之国家、社会与经济》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1988年
Pomerranz, Kenneth L. “The Making of A Hinterland: State, Society and Economy in Inland North China, 1853—1937”, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993
彭慕兰：《腹地之构建：1853—1937年华北内地之国家、社会与经济》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，1993年
Pomerranz, Kenneth L. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000
彭慕兰：《 大分流：欧洲、中国及现代世界经济的发展》，普林斯顿大学出版社，2000年
【按】彭慕兰（Pomerranz, Kenneth L.）：于1988年获耶鲁大学博士学位，现为加州大学尔湾分校历史系教授，兼任历史系主任。
115、Evelyn S. Rawski. Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press,1972
罗友枝：《中国南方之农业变迁与农民经济》，麻省：哈佛大学出版社，1972年
116、Shiue, Carol H. “Grain Trade and Storage in Late Imperial China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1999
薛华：《中华帝国晚期之粮食贸易与存储》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1999年
117、Shuman, Anna Ping l. “Copper, Copper Cash, and Government Controls in Ch’ing China, 1644—1795”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 1989
梁士平：《清朝之铜、铜钱与政府控制（1644—1795）》，马里兰大学大学园分校博士论文，1989年
118、Tsai, Jung-fang, “Comprador Ideologists in Modern China: Ho Kai (Ho Ch’i, 1859--1914) and Hu Li-yuan (1847--1916)”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angles, 1975
蔡荣方：《近代中国之买办：何启与胡利垣》，加州大学洛杉矶分校博士论文，1975年
【按】蔡荣方（Tsai, Jung-fang）：1936年生于台湾，1975年获得加州大学洛杉矶分校博士，现任南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿大学历史系教授。主要著作有：Hong Kong in Chinese History: Community and Social Unrest in the British Colony， 1842-1913(New York: Columbia University Press，1993; paper back edition 1995)与《香港人之香港史1841-1945》。
119、Wang, Yeh-chien, Land Taxation in Imperial China, 1750—1911. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvrad University Press,1974
王业键：《中华帝国之田赋：1750—1911》，麻省：哈佛大学出版社，1974年
【按】王业键（Wang, Yeh-chien）：1969年获哈佛大学博士学位，毕业后任职于俄亥俄州肯特大学历史系。主要著作有：The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9, Part one: The Ch’ing Empire to 1800 “Economic Development, 1644-1800” (Co-with Ramon H. Myers) Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2002. An Estimate of the Land Tax Collection in China, 1753 and 1908, Cambridge, East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1973.
120、Yi, li. “The Bureau that Invites Merchants: An Examination of the Bureaucaratic Characteristics of the China Merchants’ Navigation Company, 1864—1883”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washton, 1993
易立：《招商局：中国轮船招商局之官僚特征分析（1864—1883）》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1993年
121、Yang, Jeou Yi Aileen. “The Muddle of Salt: The State and Merchants in Late Imperial China, 1644—1911”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1996
杨久谊：《盐政之混乱：中华帝国晚期之国家与商人（1644—1911）》，哈佛大学博士论文，1996年
122、Yang, Phil Seung. “The Peasant of Suzhou, 1863—1945: Family Farms in Agrarian China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angles, 1988
梁必承：《苏州农民，1863—1945：农耕中国之小农家庭》，加州大学洛杉矶分校博士论文，1988年
123、Zelin, Madeleine. “Huo-hao Kuei-kung: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform and Its Limitations in Eighteenth Century China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1979
曾小萍：《火耗归公：18世纪中国财政改革及其局限》，加州大学伯克利分校博士论文，1979年
Zelin, Madeleine. The Magistrate’s Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth-Century Ch’ing China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984
曾小萍：《州县官的银两：18世纪中国的合理化财政改革》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，1984年
Zelin, Madeleine. The Merchants of Zigong: Industrial Enterpreneurship in Early Modern China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005
曾小萍：《自贡商人：近代中国早期的企业家》，纽约：哥伦比亚大学出版社，2005年
124、Atwill, David G. “Rebellion South of the Clouds: Ethnic Insurgency, Muslim Yunanese, and the Panthay Rebellion”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1990
龙戴维：《南方叛乱：民族动乱、云南之回族与叛乱》，夏威夷大学博士论文，1990年
Atwill, David G. The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856—1873, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005
龙戴维：《中国的苏丹：伊斯兰、族性认同与西南回民起义（1856—1873）》，斯坦福大学出版社，2005年
125、Benite, Zui Ben-Dor. The Dao of Muhamad: A Cultural History of Muslims in Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2005
兹维•本•多：《穆罕默德之道：中华帝国晚期之穆斯林文化史》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究中心，2005年
126、Chase, Hanson. “The Status of the Manchu Language in the Early Ch’ing”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1971”
汉森•施兹：《清初满语之地位》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1971年
127、Crossley, Pamela Kyle. “Historical and Magic Unity: The Real and Ideal Clan in Manchu Identity”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1983
柯娇燕：《神话与历史的统一：理想与现实中之满洲族性认同》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1983年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999
柯娇燕：《历史的透镜：清帝国意识形态中的历史与族性认同》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，1999年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle. Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990
柯娇燕：《孤军：晚清最后三代满洲人与清帝国之灭亡》，普林斯顿大学出版社，1990年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle. The Manchus, Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1997
柯娇燕：《满洲人》，麻省：Blackwell出版公司，1997年
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Evelyn S. Rawski. “A Profile of the Manchu Language in Ch’ing History”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 53, No. 1, June 1993.
柯娇燕、罗友枝：《满语在清史研究中之作用》，《哈佛亚洲研究学报》第五十三卷第一号，1993年6月
128、Elliott, Mark C. “Resident Aliens: The Manchu Experience in China, 1644—1760”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1993
欧立德：《外来居民：满洲人在中国之经历（1644—1760）》，加州大学伯克利分校博士论文，1993年
Mark C．Elliott．The Manchu Way：The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in late lmperial China，Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001
欧立德：《满洲之道：八旗制度与清代的民族认同》，斯坦福大学出版社，2001年
129、Ho,Ping-ti. “In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski’s Reenvision the Qing”, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 57, No. 1, February 1998, pp. 123—155.
何炳棣：《捍卫汉化理论：对罗友枝“再观清代”一文的反驳》，《亚洲研究杂志》，第五十七卷第一号，第123—155页
130、Kam, Tak Sing. “Manchu-Tibetan Relations in the Ealy Seventeenth-Century: A Repraisal”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1994
甘德星：《重估17世纪早期之满藏关系》，哈佛大学博士论文，1994年
131、Li, Gertraude R. Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2000
陆西华：《满语基础教程》，檀香山：夏威夷大学出版社，2000年
132、Shao, Dan. “Ethnicity in Empire and Nation: Manchus, Manzhouguo, and Manchuria, 1911—1952”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2002
邵丹：《帝国与国家民族性：满人、满洲国与满洲（1911—1952）》，加州大学圣芭芭拉分校博士论文，2002年
133、Chia, Ning: “The Li-fan Yuan in the Early Ch’ing Dynasty”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The John Hopkins University,1992
贾宁：《清初之理藩院》，约翰•霍普金斯大学博士论文，1992年
134、Dai, Yingcong. “The Rose of the South-western Frontier under the Qing, 1640—1800”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1996
戴英聪：《清朝西南边疆之崛起：1640—1800》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1996年
135、Waley-Cohen, Johnna. “The Stranger Paths of Banishment: Exile to Xinjiang Frontier in Mid-Qing China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1987
卫周安：《陌生人的流放之路：清朝中期之发配新疆》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1987年
136、Foret, Philippe. “Making An Imperial Landsacape in Chengde, Jehol: The Manchu Landscape Wnterprise”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1992
菲利普•弗雷特：《热河承德之皇家园林：满洲造园工程》，芝加哥大学博士论文，1992年
13、Meyer-Fong, Tobie. “Site and Sentiment: Building Culture in Seventeenth-Century Yangzhou”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1998
梅尔清：《景点与情感：17世纪扬州之文化建构》，斯坦福大学博士论文，1998年
【按】梅尔清（Tobie Meyer－Fong），1989年毕业于耶鲁大学，1998年获斯坦福大学博士学位。现为美国约翰•霍普金斯大学副教授。曾在南京大学历史系做高级进修生，在东京大学东洋文化研究所和中国社会科学院文学研究所做访问学者。
138、Dale, Melissa S. ‘With the Cut of a Knife: A Social History of Eunuchs during the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911) and Republican Periods (1912—1949)”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2000
戴懿华：《手起刀落：清朝与民国时期之太监社会史》，乔治登大学博士论文，2000年
139、Elman, Benjamin A. A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000
艾尔曼：《中华帝国晚期之科举文化史》，伯克利：加州大学出版社，2000年
140、Hansson, Harry A. “Regional Outcast Group in Late Imperial China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1988
哈里•汉森：《中华帝国晚期之地方贱民》，哈佛大学博士论文，1988年
141、Hazelton, Keith D. “Lineages and Local Elites in Hui-Chou, 1500—1800”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1984
贺杰：《徽州宗族与地方士绅：1500—1800》，普林斯顿大学博士论文，1984年
142、Perdue, Peter C. Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500—1850. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1984
濮德培：《耗尽土地：湖南政府与农民（1500—1850）》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究委员会，1984年
143、Bernhardt, Kathryn. Women and Property in China:960—1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999
白凯：《中国的妇女与财产：960—1949》，斯坦福大学出版社，1999年
【按】白凯（Kathryn Bernhardt），1984年美国斯坦福大学历史系博士，现为加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶校区历史系教授，并与黄宗智共任《近代中国》（Moden China）学刊主编。研究领域为明清以来社会经济史，法律史以及妇女史。除了《中国的妇女与财产：960-1949》之外，主要著作有《长江下游地区地租、赋税与农民反抗斗争：1840-1950》（斯坦福大学出版社，1992年）和《清代和民国时期之中国民法》（与黄宗智合编，斯坦福大学出版社， 1994年）。
144、Conner,Alison W. “The Law of Evidence during the Ch’ing Dynasty”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1979
康雅信：《清代法律之证据》，康奈尔大学博士论文，1979年
145、Groneworld, Sue. Beautiful Merchandise: Prodtitution in China, 1860—1936. N.Y.: Harrington Park Press, 1985, Orig. pub. 1982
顾璇：《中国娼妓：1860—1936》，纽约：Harrington Park出版社，1985年
146、Brokaw, Cynthia J. “Determining One’s Own Fate: The Ledgers of Merit and Demerit in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvrad University, 1984
包筠雅:《决定自己的命运：16—17世纪中国之功过格》，哈佛大学博士论文，1984年
147、Atkinson, Alan G. “New Songs for Old Tunes: The Life and Art of Wang Duo”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Kansas, 1997
阿兰•阿特金森：《按旧曲度新声：王铎之生平与艺术》，堪萨斯大学博士论文，1997年
158、Benedict, Carol. “Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth Century China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1992
班凯乐：《19世纪中国之鼠疫》，斯坦福大学博士论文，1992年
149、Dikotter, Frank. Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects, and Eugenics in China. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1998
冯客：《不完美的概念：中国医学知识、先天疾病与优生学》，哥伦比亚大学出版社，1998年
Dikotter, Frank. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991
冯客：《近代中国之种族观念》，斯坦福大学出版社，1991年
150、Ng, On-cho. “Text in Context: Chinwen Learning in Ch’ing Thought”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1986
伍安祖：《今文经学与清代思想》，夏威夷大学博士论文，1986年
151、Edwards, Louise. Men and Women in Qing China: Gender in the Red Chamber Dream. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2001
爱德华兹•刘易斯：《清代中国之男女：＜红楼梦＞中之性别》，夏威夷大学出版社，2001年
152、Huang, Martin W. Desire and Fictional Narrative in Late Imperial China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001
黄卫总：《中华帝国晚期之欲望与文学叙述》，麻省：哈佛大学东亚研究中心，2001年
153、West, Andrew Christopher. “Quset for the Urtext: The Textual Archaeology of The Three Kingdoms”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1993
魏安：《追求其原文：＜三国演义＞文本考证》，普林斯顿大学博士论文，1993年
154、Soresen, Randolph J. “Waterways and the Sate in Imperial China”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1985
伦道夫•索伦森：《中华帝国之水路与国家》，华盛顿大学博士论文，1985年
155、Zhang, jiayan. “Environmental Change, Economic Growth, and Peasant Behavior: The Agriculture of the Jianghan Plain, 1644—1949”, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angles, 2004
张家炎：《环境变迁、经济发展和农民行为：江汉平原农业史（1644—1949）》，加州大学洛杉矶分校博士论文，2004年
156、Menzies, Nicholas K. Forest and Land Management in Imperial China. N. Y.: St. Martin’s Press, 1994
孟泽思：《中华帝国时期之森林与土地管理》，纽约：圣马丁出版社，1994年
157、Yan, Shoucheng. “Coherence and Contradiuction in the Worldview of Wang Fuzhi (1619—1692)”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1994
严寿澄：《王夫之世界观的一致与矛盾》，印第安纳大学博士论文，1994年
158、Xiao, Xiaosui. “China Encounters Weatern Indeas (1895—1905): A Rhetorical Analysis of Yan Fu, Tan Sitong, and Liang Qichao”, Ph. D. Dissertation, The Ohio University, 1992
Friday, May 8, 2009
Bibliography on women Writers in China
1. Leaves of prayer : the life and poetry of He Shuangqing, a farmwife in eighteenth-century China ; selected translations from Shi Zhenlin's West Green Random Notes
2.
2.
Thursday, May 7, 2009
trafficing of women in the Qing
『律』79.00收留迷失子女
statute 79 on accepting lost & kidnapped sons and daughters and girls
1凡收留[良]人家迷失[道路鄉貫]子女不送官司而賣為奴婢者杖一百徒三年為妻妾子孫者杖九十徒二年半若得迷失奴婢而賣者各減良人罪一等被賣之人不坐給親完聚
Those who accept lost kids (both sons and daughters) and sold them as servants without sending them to official administration are flogged one hundred,
2若收留在逃子女[不送官司]而賣為奴婢者杖九十徒二年半為妻妾子孫者杖八十徒二年若得在逃奴婢而賣者各減良人罪一等其被賣在逃之人又各減一等若在逃之罪重者自從重論
3其自收留為奴婢妻妾子孫者罪亦如之[暫時]隱藏在家者[不送官司]並杖八十
4若買者及牙保知情減犯人罪一等追價入官不知者俱不坐追價還主
5若冒認良人為奴婢者杖一百徒三年為妻妾子孫者杖九十徒二年半冒認他人奴婢者杖一百
條例
79.01
八旗凡有呈報迷失幼童幼女者該管官取具本人族長等並無捏飾甘結照例移咨兵部存案如有隱匿寄養情弊將寄養受寄之人照隱漏丁口治罪改正族長人等照里長失於取勘律治罪[按見前脫漏戶口]
『律』275.00略人略賣人
1凡設方略而誘取良人[為奴婢]及略賣良人[與人]為奴婢者皆[不分首從未賣]杖一百流三千里為妻妾子孫者[造意]杖一百徒三年因[誘賣不從]而傷[被略之]人者絞[監候]殺人者斬[監候][為從各減一等]被略之人不坐給親完聚
2若假以乞養過房為名買良家子女轉賣者罪亦如之[不得引例若買來長成而賣者難同此律]
3若和同相誘[取在己]及[兩]相[情願]賣良人為奴婢者杖一百徒三年為妻妾子孫者杖九十徒二年半被誘之人減一等[仍改正給親]未賣者各減[已賣]一等十歲以下雖和亦同略誘法[被誘略者不坐]
4若略賣和誘他人奴婢者各減略賣和誘良人罪一等
5若略賣子孫為奴婢者杖八十弟妹及姪姪孫外孫若己之妾子孫之婦者杖八十徒二年[略賣]子孫之妾減二等同堂弟妹堂姪及姪孫者杖九十徒二年半和賣者減[略賣]一等未賣者又減[已賣]一等被賣卑幼[雖和同以聽從家長]不坐給親完聚
6其[和略]賣妻為婢及賣大功以下[尊卑]親為奴婢者各從凡人和略法
7若[受寄所賣人口之]窩主及買者知情並與犯人同罪[至死減一等]牙保各減[犯人]一等並追價入官不知者俱不坐追價還主
條例
275.01
將腹裏人口用強略賣與境外土官土人峒寨去處圖利除殺傷人律該處死外若未曾殺傷人比依將人口出境律絞
275.02
凡誘拐婦人子女或典賣或為妻妾子孫者不分良人奴婢已賣未賣但誘取者被誘之人若不知情為首擬絞監候為從杖一百流三千里被誘之人不坐如拐後被逼成姦亦不坐若以藥餅及一切邪術迷拐幼小子女為首者絞立決為從發極邊足四千里充軍其和誘知情之人為首者亦照前擬軍為從及被誘之人俱減等滿徒若雖知拐帶情由並無和同誘拐分受贓物暫容留數日者不分旗民俱枷號兩個月發落[按發落之上似應註明杖數]有服親屬犯者分別有無姦情照例科斷婦人有犯罪坐夫男夫男不知情及無夫男者仍坐本婦照例收贖
275.03
凡夥眾開窯誘取婦人子女藏匿勒賣事發者不分良人奴婢已賣未賣審係開窯情實為首照光棍例擬斬立決為從發黑龍江給披甲人為奴
275.04
盛京烏喇等處居住之人買人仍照例用印行買外若不詳詢來歷混買人者係另戶連妻子發往江甯杭州披甲係家人止將本人發往江甯杭州給窮披甲之人為奴
275.05
凡外省民人有買貴州窮民子女者令報明地方官用印准買但一人不許買至四五人帶往外省仍令各州縣約立官媒凡買賣男婦人口憑官媒詢明來歷定價立契開載姓名住址男女年庚送官鈐印該地方官豫給循環印簿將經手買賣之人登簿按月繳換稽查儻契中無官媒花押及數過三人者即究其略賣之罪倘官媒通同棍徒興販及不送官印契者俱照例治罪至來歷分明而官媒掯索許即告官懲治如地方官不行查明將苗民男婦用印賣與川販者照例議處至印賣苗口以後給與路照填註姓名年貌關汛員弁驗明放行如有兵役留難勒索及受賄縱放者俱照律治罪該管員弁分別議處
275.06
凡窩隱川販果有指引捆拐藏匿遞賣確據者審實照開窯為首例同川販首犯皆斬立決在犯事地方正法其無指引捆拐遞賣情事但窩隱護送分贓者不論贓數不分首從俱發近邊充軍其止知情窩留未經分贓者無論人數多寡為首者杖一百流三千里為從杖一百徒三年其鄰佑知而不首者杖一百
275.07
貴州雲南四川地方民人誘拐本地子女在本省售賣審無勾通外省流棍情事仍照誘拐婦人子女本例分別定擬如捆綁本地子女在本地售賣為首擬斬監候為從近邊充軍
275.08
凡貴州地方有外來流混勾通本地棍徒將荒村居住民苗人戶殺害人命擄其婦人子女計圖販賣者不論已賣未賣曾否出境俱照強盜得財律不分首從皆斬梟示其有迫脅同行並在場未經下手情尚可原者於疏內聲明減為擬斬監候請旨定奪至殺一家三人以上者仍從重定擬其用威力強行綁去及設方略誘往四川販賣不論已賣未賣曾否出境為首者擬斬立決為從者擬絞監候其有將被拐之人傷害致死者除為首斬決外為從者擬斬監候若審無威力捆縛及設計強賣實係和同誘拐往川者不論已賣未賣但起行在途為首者擬絞監候為從者杖一百流三千里被誘之人仍照例擬徒其窩隱川販在家果有指引殺人捆擄及勾通略誘和誘子女藏匿遞賣者審實各與首犯罪同其無指引勾串等情但窩隨護送分贓與僅知情窩留而未分贓者仍照舊例分別定擬雲南四川所屬地方如有拐販捆擄等犯亦照貴州之例行其一年限內拏獲興販棍徒並不能拏獲之文武員弁堩按人數分別議敘議處
275.09
凡流棍販賣貴州苗人除本犯照例治罪外其知情故買者照違制律杖一百仍將苗人給親收領
275.10
凡收留迷失子女不報及誘拐人犯各衙門番捕不行查拏經他處緝獲將番捕照緝盜逾限律責處知而不拏者照應捕人知罪人所在而不捕律減罪人罪一等發落該管官按窩留誘拐人數分別議處其直隸各省之地方保甲人等如見外來之人帶有幼童幼女行走住宿形跡可疑者盤詰得實即行捕治儻有疏縱經別處拏獲供出容留地方將容留之家照知情容留拐留帶例懲治地方保甲照窩藏逃人例治罪該地方官亦照例議處如有借稽查名色訛詐生事者堩照訛詐例治罪
275.11
略賣海外番仔之內地民人不分首從杖一百流三千里俟有便船仍令帶回安插文武官稽查不力照外國之人私自進口不行查報交部分別議處得贓者以枉法治罪
275.12
興販婦人子女轉賣與他人為奴婢者杖一百流三千里若轉賣與他人為妻妾子孫杖一百徒三年為從各減一等地方官匿不申報別經發覺交部議處
275.13
和誘略賣期親卑幼依律分別擬徒外若略賣期親尊長照卑幼強搶期親尊屬嫁賣例擬斬監候和者減一等杖一百流三千里如因和誘而姦仍依律各斬立決
275.14
誘拐內外大功以下緦麻以上親及親之妻審無姦情者仍以和略賣大功以下尊卑親本律分別和略擬以徒流若因姦而拐及因拐而和姦除從祖祖母祖姑從祖伯叔母從祖伯叔姑從父姊妹母之姊妹及兄弟妻兄弟子妻者各依律絞決外餘俱照凡人誘拐律擬軍至誘拐期親以下緦麻以上親之妾毋論曾否通姦概依凡人誘拐例定擬惟姦父祖妾者依律斬決不在此例誘拐者仍以凡論[略誘者絞候和誘者發遣]
275.15
凡姦夫誘拐姦婦之案除本夫不知姦情及雖知姦情而迫於姦夫之強悍不能禁絻並非有心縱容者姦夫仍依和誘知情為首例擬軍姦婦減等滿徒若係本夫縱容抑勒妻妾與人通姦被拐逃者姦夫於軍罪上減一等杖一百徒三年姦婦及為從之犯再減一等杖九十徒二年半本夫本婦之祖父母父母縱容抑勒通姦者亦照此例辦理
275.16
凡將受寄他人十歲以下子女賣為奴婢者發極邊足四千里充軍賣為子孫者杖一百徒三年為從各減一等若將受寄他人十一歲以上子女和同賣為奴婢子孫者分別首從各遞減一等子女不知情者仍照前例問擬被賣之人俱不坐給親屬領回知情故買者減本犯罪一等不知者不坐
275.17
奴及雇工略賣家長之妻女及子者照卑幼強搶期親尊屬嫁賣例擬斬監候其因略賣而又犯殺傷姦淫等罪仍各照本律分別斬決淩遲從重科罪至略賣家長之期功以下親屬仍照例擬絞和者改發雲貴兩廣極邊煙瘴充軍
275.18
內地姦民及在洋行充當通事買辦設計誘騙愚民雇與洋人承工其受雇之人並非情甘出口因被拐賣威逼致父子兄弟離散者不論所拐係男婦女子及良人奴婢已賣未賣曾否上船出洋及有無藉洋人為護符但係誘拐已成為首斬立決為從絞立決該地方官獲犯審實一面按約照會外國領事官將被拐之人立即釋放送回一面錄取犯供解審該督撫提勘後先行正法按三個月彙奏一次仍逐案備招咨部其華民情甘出口在英法等國所屬各處承工者仍准其立約赴通商各口下船毫無禁阻
statute 79 on accepting lost & kidnapped sons and daughters and girls
1凡收留[良]人家迷失[道路鄉貫]子女不送官司而賣為奴婢者杖一百徒三年為妻妾子孫者杖九十徒二年半若得迷失奴婢而賣者各減良人罪一等被賣之人不坐給親完聚
Those who accept lost kids (both sons and daughters) and sold them as servants without sending them to official administration are flogged one hundred,
2若收留在逃子女[不送官司]而賣為奴婢者杖九十徒二年半為妻妾子孫者杖八十徒二年若得在逃奴婢而賣者各減良人罪一等其被賣在逃之人又各減一等若在逃之罪重者自從重論
3其自收留為奴婢妻妾子孫者罪亦如之[暫時]隱藏在家者[不送官司]並杖八十
4若買者及牙保知情減犯人罪一等追價入官不知者俱不坐追價還主
5若冒認良人為奴婢者杖一百徒三年為妻妾子孫者杖九十徒二年半冒認他人奴婢者杖一百
條例
79.01
八旗凡有呈報迷失幼童幼女者該管官取具本人族長等並無捏飾甘結照例移咨兵部存案如有隱匿寄養情弊將寄養受寄之人照隱漏丁口治罪改正族長人等照里長失於取勘律治罪[按見前脫漏戶口]
『律』275.00略人略賣人
1凡設方略而誘取良人[為奴婢]及略賣良人[與人]為奴婢者皆[不分首從未賣]杖一百流三千里為妻妾子孫者[造意]杖一百徒三年因[誘賣不從]而傷[被略之]人者絞[監候]殺人者斬[監候][為從各減一等]被略之人不坐給親完聚
2若假以乞養過房為名買良家子女轉賣者罪亦如之[不得引例若買來長成而賣者難同此律]
3若和同相誘[取在己]及[兩]相[情願]賣良人為奴婢者杖一百徒三年為妻妾子孫者杖九十徒二年半被誘之人減一等[仍改正給親]未賣者各減[已賣]一等十歲以下雖和亦同略誘法[被誘略者不坐]
4若略賣和誘他人奴婢者各減略賣和誘良人罪一等
5若略賣子孫為奴婢者杖八十弟妹及姪姪孫外孫若己之妾子孫之婦者杖八十徒二年[略賣]子孫之妾減二等同堂弟妹堂姪及姪孫者杖九十徒二年半和賣者減[略賣]一等未賣者又減[已賣]一等被賣卑幼[雖和同以聽從家長]不坐給親完聚
6其[和略]賣妻為婢及賣大功以下[尊卑]親為奴婢者各從凡人和略法
7若[受寄所賣人口之]窩主及買者知情並與犯人同罪[至死減一等]牙保各減[犯人]一等並追價入官不知者俱不坐追價還主
條例
275.01
將腹裏人口用強略賣與境外土官土人峒寨去處圖利除殺傷人律該處死外若未曾殺傷人比依將人口出境律絞
275.02
凡誘拐婦人子女或典賣或為妻妾子孫者不分良人奴婢已賣未賣但誘取者被誘之人若不知情為首擬絞監候為從杖一百流三千里被誘之人不坐如拐後被逼成姦亦不坐若以藥餅及一切邪術迷拐幼小子女為首者絞立決為從發極邊足四千里充軍其和誘知情之人為首者亦照前擬軍為從及被誘之人俱減等滿徒若雖知拐帶情由並無和同誘拐分受贓物暫容留數日者不分旗民俱枷號兩個月發落[按發落之上似應註明杖數]有服親屬犯者分別有無姦情照例科斷婦人有犯罪坐夫男夫男不知情及無夫男者仍坐本婦照例收贖
275.03
凡夥眾開窯誘取婦人子女藏匿勒賣事發者不分良人奴婢已賣未賣審係開窯情實為首照光棍例擬斬立決為從發黑龍江給披甲人為奴
275.04
盛京烏喇等處居住之人買人仍照例用印行買外若不詳詢來歷混買人者係另戶連妻子發往江甯杭州披甲係家人止將本人發往江甯杭州給窮披甲之人為奴
275.05
凡外省民人有買貴州窮民子女者令報明地方官用印准買但一人不許買至四五人帶往外省仍令各州縣約立官媒凡買賣男婦人口憑官媒詢明來歷定價立契開載姓名住址男女年庚送官鈐印該地方官豫給循環印簿將經手買賣之人登簿按月繳換稽查儻契中無官媒花押及數過三人者即究其略賣之罪倘官媒通同棍徒興販及不送官印契者俱照例治罪至來歷分明而官媒掯索許即告官懲治如地方官不行查明將苗民男婦用印賣與川販者照例議處至印賣苗口以後給與路照填註姓名年貌關汛員弁驗明放行如有兵役留難勒索及受賄縱放者俱照律治罪該管員弁分別議處
275.06
凡窩隱川販果有指引捆拐藏匿遞賣確據者審實照開窯為首例同川販首犯皆斬立決在犯事地方正法其無指引捆拐遞賣情事但窩隱護送分贓者不論贓數不分首從俱發近邊充軍其止知情窩留未經分贓者無論人數多寡為首者杖一百流三千里為從杖一百徒三年其鄰佑知而不首者杖一百
275.07
貴州雲南四川地方民人誘拐本地子女在本省售賣審無勾通外省流棍情事仍照誘拐婦人子女本例分別定擬如捆綁本地子女在本地售賣為首擬斬監候為從近邊充軍
275.08
凡貴州地方有外來流混勾通本地棍徒將荒村居住民苗人戶殺害人命擄其婦人子女計圖販賣者不論已賣未賣曾否出境俱照強盜得財律不分首從皆斬梟示其有迫脅同行並在場未經下手情尚可原者於疏內聲明減為擬斬監候請旨定奪至殺一家三人以上者仍從重定擬其用威力強行綁去及設方略誘往四川販賣不論已賣未賣曾否出境為首者擬斬立決為從者擬絞監候其有將被拐之人傷害致死者除為首斬決外為從者擬斬監候若審無威力捆縛及設計強賣實係和同誘拐往川者不論已賣未賣但起行在途為首者擬絞監候為從者杖一百流三千里被誘之人仍照例擬徒其窩隱川販在家果有指引殺人捆擄及勾通略誘和誘子女藏匿遞賣者審實各與首犯罪同其無指引勾串等情但窩隨護送分贓與僅知情窩留而未分贓者仍照舊例分別定擬雲南四川所屬地方如有拐販捆擄等犯亦照貴州之例行其一年限內拏獲興販棍徒並不能拏獲之文武員弁堩按人數分別議敘議處
275.09
凡流棍販賣貴州苗人除本犯照例治罪外其知情故買者照違制律杖一百仍將苗人給親收領
275.10
凡收留迷失子女不報及誘拐人犯各衙門番捕不行查拏經他處緝獲將番捕照緝盜逾限律責處知而不拏者照應捕人知罪人所在而不捕律減罪人罪一等發落該管官按窩留誘拐人數分別議處其直隸各省之地方保甲人等如見外來之人帶有幼童幼女行走住宿形跡可疑者盤詰得實即行捕治儻有疏縱經別處拏獲供出容留地方將容留之家照知情容留拐留帶例懲治地方保甲照窩藏逃人例治罪該地方官亦照例議處如有借稽查名色訛詐生事者堩照訛詐例治罪
275.11
略賣海外番仔之內地民人不分首從杖一百流三千里俟有便船仍令帶回安插文武官稽查不力照外國之人私自進口不行查報交部分別議處得贓者以枉法治罪
275.12
興販婦人子女轉賣與他人為奴婢者杖一百流三千里若轉賣與他人為妻妾子孫杖一百徒三年為從各減一等地方官匿不申報別經發覺交部議處
275.13
和誘略賣期親卑幼依律分別擬徒外若略賣期親尊長照卑幼強搶期親尊屬嫁賣例擬斬監候和者減一等杖一百流三千里如因和誘而姦仍依律各斬立決
275.14
誘拐內外大功以下緦麻以上親及親之妻審無姦情者仍以和略賣大功以下尊卑親本律分別和略擬以徒流若因姦而拐及因拐而和姦除從祖祖母祖姑從祖伯叔母從祖伯叔姑從父姊妹母之姊妹及兄弟妻兄弟子妻者各依律絞決外餘俱照凡人誘拐律擬軍至誘拐期親以下緦麻以上親之妾毋論曾否通姦概依凡人誘拐例定擬惟姦父祖妾者依律斬決不在此例誘拐者仍以凡論[略誘者絞候和誘者發遣]
275.15
凡姦夫誘拐姦婦之案除本夫不知姦情及雖知姦情而迫於姦夫之強悍不能禁絻並非有心縱容者姦夫仍依和誘知情為首例擬軍姦婦減等滿徒若係本夫縱容抑勒妻妾與人通姦被拐逃者姦夫於軍罪上減一等杖一百徒三年姦婦及為從之犯再減一等杖九十徒二年半本夫本婦之祖父母父母縱容抑勒通姦者亦照此例辦理
275.16
凡將受寄他人十歲以下子女賣為奴婢者發極邊足四千里充軍賣為子孫者杖一百徒三年為從各減一等若將受寄他人十一歲以上子女和同賣為奴婢子孫者分別首從各遞減一等子女不知情者仍照前例問擬被賣之人俱不坐給親屬領回知情故買者減本犯罪一等不知者不坐
275.17
奴及雇工略賣家長之妻女及子者照卑幼強搶期親尊屬嫁賣例擬斬監候其因略賣而又犯殺傷姦淫等罪仍各照本律分別斬決淩遲從重科罪至略賣家長之期功以下親屬仍照例擬絞和者改發雲貴兩廣極邊煙瘴充軍
275.18
內地姦民及在洋行充當通事買辦設計誘騙愚民雇與洋人承工其受雇之人並非情甘出口因被拐賣威逼致父子兄弟離散者不論所拐係男婦女子及良人奴婢已賣未賣曾否上船出洋及有無藉洋人為護符但係誘拐已成為首斬立決為從絞立決該地方官獲犯審實一面按約照會外國領事官將被拐之人立即釋放送回一面錄取犯供解審該督撫提勘後先行正法按三個月彙奏一次仍逐案備招咨部其華民情甘出口在英法等國所屬各處承工者仍准其立約赴通商各口下船毫無禁阻
Monday, May 4, 2009
women trafficing and Government's Role
One of students asked me a question about child trafficking in China. She was wondering why Chinese preferred to traffic immigrant children rather than commoners. She had thought immigrants in China are like those in the US.
But this case reminds me of women trafficking in the Qing. Susan Mann mentions that "Under High Qing laws, Common females were banned from the slave market." But she also points out this principle did not carry out in the reality. First, Qing government permit the buying and selling of women with white contract (that is, without official supervision), it seemed clear that young girls whose backgrounds were never checked could be rented or perchased by the lot.
But this case reminds me of women trafficking in the Qing. Susan Mann mentions that "Under High Qing laws, Common females were banned from the slave market." But she also points out this principle did not carry out in the reality. First, Qing government permit the buying and selling of women with white contract (that is, without official supervision), it seemed clear that young girls whose backgrounds were never checked could be rented or perchased by the lot.
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